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microbiology

Compare & Recall: High-Yield Microbiology Tables for NEET PG

Jul 18, 2025

Table 1

Scientist

Scientist	Found/Known as
Joseph Lister	Father of antiseptic surgeryFirst used carbolic acid
Anton Von Leeuwenhoek	Father of the light microscope (Unilocular) The first thing he visualised under his microscope was Animalcules. The Jansen duo gave us the compound microscope.
Ernst Ruska	Father of electron microscope
Edward Jenner	First vaccine- smallpox Prepared using cowpox
Karry B Mullis	PCR
Sanger	Sanger sequencing
H C Gram	Gram staining
Kleinberger	L forms (cell wall deficient)
Alexander Fleming	Penicillin
Barbara Mcclintock	Transposons (Jumping genes)

Table 2

Differences between Electron light Microscope

Electron Microscope	Features	Light Microscope
2-2.5% Glutaraldehyde	Fixation	10% Neutral Buffered Formalin Makes eye water.
Embedded in resin	Embedding	Embedding in paraffin wax
Copper metal slides	Slide	Glass slides
Electron	Source	Transmitted light
Vacuum	Medium	Air
0.5 nm	Resolution	0.2 micron

Table 3

Endotoxins vs Exotoxins

Endotoxin	Exotoxin
Present in lipid - AIn gram negative cell wall	Made of proteins
Gram negative bacteria	In both GNB and GPC
Heat stabile	Heat labile
Low antigenicity	High antigenicity
Cannot	Toxoid production is possible Can be used for vaccine production
Needed in large amounts to create effects	Small amounts can mediate effects
Produces constant effect	Variable effect
Release on lysis of cell	Released as secretions Except botulinum toxin - released on lysis of cell

Table 4

Difference between prokaryote and eukaryote

Prokaryote	Feature	Eukaryote
Called nucleoid No proper nucleus	Nucleus	All present
Single circular dsDNA	Chromosome	Multiple linear
Plasmids	Extra chromosomal DNA	Mitochondrial DNA
Absent	Organelles	Present
NAM NAG	Cell wall	Absent
Sterols absent	Cell membrane	Sterols +
70 S	Ribosomes	80 S
Present Site of Respiration	Mesosomes	Absent

Table 5

Bacillus Cereus

Features	Emetic type	Diarrheal type
IP	<6 hours	8-16 hours
Food	Chinese fried rice	Meat and milk
Heat	Heat Stable	Heat labile
MOA	Increased CGMP	Increase CAMP
Toxins	Cerulide → Vagomimetic action	Nhe toxins → secretory Diarrhea

Table 6

Differences between lepromatous and tuberculoid leprosy

	LL	TT
Bacillary load	Multi bacillary.	Pauci bacilliary.
Bacteriological index	Higher load.4-6+	0-1+
Skin lesions	Leonine facies. Alopecia.	Few.
Nerve lesions	Late.	Early.
Cell-mediated immunity	Low.	Normal.
Lepromin test	Negative.	Positive.
CD4/CD8	1:2	2:1
Humoral immunity	Increased.	Normal.
Macrophages	Negative.	Present.
Giant cells	Negative.	Present.

Table 7

Member	Motility	Lactose fermenting/ Non-lactosefermenting	IMViC	Urease
E. coli	Motile	Lactose fermenting	+ + - -	Negative
Klebsiella	Non-motile	Lactose fermenting	- - + +	Positive
Enterobacter	Motile	Lactose fermenting	- - + +	Negative
Citrobacter	Motile.	Lactose fermenting	V	Negative
Shigella	Non-motile	Non-lactose fermenting	- + - -	Negative
Salmonella*	Motile	Non-lactose fermenting	- + - +	Negative
Proteus	Motile	Non-lactose fermenting	V	Positive
Yersinia	Motile/Non-motile	Non-lactose fermenting	- + - -	Negative

Table 8

Difference between HSV-1 and HSV-2

Difference between HSV-1 and HSV-2
Properties	Herpes simplex virus – 1	Herpes simplex virus – 2
Transmission	Direct contact with mucosa or abraded skin	Sexual mode or vertical mode
Latency	Trigeminal ganglia	Sacral ganglia
Age affected	Young children	Young adults
Antibody distribution in adults	Present in 70%-90% of people	Present in 20% of people
Common manifestations	Oral facial mucosal lesions Encephalitis, meningitis and ocular lesions Skin lesions: Above the waist	Genital lesions Skin lesions: Below the waist Neonatal herpes
Egg (CAM*)	Forms smaller pocks	Forms larger pocks
Chick embryo fibroblast	Does not grow well	Replicates well
Neurovirulence	Less	More
Drug resistance	Less	More
Antigenic homology	HSV 1 and 2 show > 80% antigenic homology
Genomic sequence homology	HSV 1 and 2 show > 50% homology in the genomic sequence

Table 9

WHO Grading Dengue Infections

DF/DHF	Grade	Symptoms	Labs
DF	-	Fever with two or more the following features Headache Retro orbital pain Myalgia Arthralgia	Leukopenia Thrombocytopenia (≤ 100000) No evidence of plasma loss
DHF	I	Above signs plus positive tourniquet test	Thrombocytopenia (< 100000) HCT rises (>20%)
DHF	II	Above signs plus Spontaneous bleeding	Thrombocytopenia (< 100000) HCT rises (>20%)
DHF	III	Above sign plus circulatory failure (weak pulse, Hypotension restlessness)	Thrombocytopenia (< 100000) HCT rises >20%
DSS	IV	Profound shock with undetectable blood pressure and pulse	Thrombocytopenia (< 100000) HCT rises (>20%)

Table 10

Naegleria Fowleri vs Acanthamoeba

Features	Naegleria Fowleri	Acanthamoeba
Disease	PAME	GAME
Risk factor	Swimming	Immunodeficiency
Infective form	Trophozoite	Both Cyst and Trophozoite
Clinical course	Acute (fatal <5 days)	Chronic (late)
Spread	Neural	Blood
Diagnosis	CSF Trophozoites Increased polymorphs	Brain biopsy Trophozoites Cysts
Culture	NNA (Non-Nutrient Agar) - lawn culture of Entamoeba coli	NNA (Non-Nutrient Agar) -lawn culture of Entamoeba coli
Gold standard	NAAT (Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing)	NAAT (Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing)
Treatment	Amphotericin B	Pentamidine + Azole + Sulfonamide + Flucytosine

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