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orthopedics

Compare & Recall: High-Yield Orthopedics Tables for NEET PG 2026

Aug 5, 2025

Table 1

Typical Fractures VS Atypical fractures

Typical Fractures

Atypical fractures

Pain and tenderness
Abnormal mobility
Loss of transmitted movements
Deformity
Types:
- Transverse fracture
- Oblique fracture
- Spiral (twisted)
- Segmental fracture
- Comminuted fracture

The fracture does not exhibit typical features and can be diagnosed only with the help of radiological imaging.
Types:
- - Greenstick fracture- only seen in children before epiphysial closure. Most commonly seen in forearm bone- fall on outstretched hand. Treatment- break open the cortex at the same level then apply cast for 4-6 weeks. Excellent prognosis
  - Hairline/march/ stress/ fatigue fracture- most commonly on the neck of the second metatarsal. Treatment: bed rest for 3 weeks. No cast is needed.
  - Torus/ buckling fracture- most commonly in weight-bearing bone. Treatment- cast(conservative)
  - Avulsion Fraction- the most common site is tibial tuberosity. Treatment- screw fixation.
  - Wedge compression fracture: The most common site is the thoracic vertebra. (T 12 fracture). Pathological fracture(osteoporosis>malignancies)
  - Impacted fracture- most common site is neck of femur. Can also be seen in Pilon fracture. Treatment- disimpaction done surgically.

Table 2

Advantages and Disadvantages of MRI

Advantages	Disadvantages
No ionizing radiation	Takes a longer time for sequence and is costly
Better soft tissue contrast than CT	More expensive & Claustrophobic
Non-invasive, specific, accurate	Dynamic Testing is not possible. The gantry is narrower than in CT. Gadolinium contrast can't be used in pregnant women. Noisy

Table 3

Various Osteochondritis

Various Osteochondritis	Location of Osteochondritis
Synding - Larsen Joharressen	Patella.
Osgood - Schlatter	Tibial tuberosity.
Sever	Calcaneus.
Hawkins	Talus. (Note: Fracture angle of talus is called hawkins angle)
Freiberg	2nd metatarsal.
Islene	5th metatarsal.
Haase	Head of the humerus.
Panner	Capitulum.
Preiser	Proximal pole of scaphoid.
Kienboeck	Lunate.
Friedricks	Clavicle.
Sheurrmann	Rim of the vertebral body.
Calvus	Center of the vertebral body.

Table 4

Diﬀerences Between Supracondylar Fracture and Elbow Dislocation

Supracondylar fracture	Elbow Dislocation
The most common fracture of childhood.	Most common dislocation of childhood.
Three bony points are well maintained.	Three bony points are reversed.
Normal forearm length.	Shorter forearm length.
Garland classiﬁcation.	No speciﬁc name for classiﬁcation.
The anterior interosseous nerve is most involved.	The median nerve is most involved.

Table 5

Named Fractures of Upper Limb

Holstein Lewis fracture	Distal 3rd humerus fracture. Oblique in nature. Causes radial nerve palsy.
Monteggia fracture	Fracture of upper 3rd ulna. Radial head dislocation.
Galeazzi Fracture	Fracture of lower 3rd radius. Distal radioulnar subluxation.
Piedmont fracture	Another name for Galeazzi fracture
Treacherous fracture	Another name for Monteggia fracture.
Fracture of necessity	Lateral condyle fracture of humerus in children. Galeazzi Fracture.
Essex Lopresti Fracture	Is a combination of Monteggia and Galeazzi fracture. Comminuted fracture of the radial head with distal radioulnar disruption.
Nightstick fracture	Isolated crack fracture of the ulna. 99% caused by assault. Above elbow POP slab - treatment of choice.
Poutteau's fracture	Colle’s fracture
Smith fracture	Reverse Colle’s fracture.
Barton Fracture	Vertical, marginal intra-articular fracture of the lower end of the radius.
Hutchinson's fracture	Radial styloid fracture or Chauﬀeur's fracture.
Bennett fracture PYQ: INICET 2021	Oblique intra-articular fracture dislocation of the base of the thumb.
Rolando fracture	Intra articular comminuted fracture of the base of the ﬁrst metacarpal.
Boxer's fracture	Crack fracture of shaft of the 5th metacarpal.
Malgagnian fracture	Supracondylar fracture.
Baby Car fracture	Uncommon in India. Sideswipe injury of the elbow of a baby in the car. Shattering the elbow of the baby. Poor prognosis

Table 6

Lichtenstein Classification

Cell type	Benign	Malignant
Bone	Osteoid osteoma	Osteosarcoma
Cartilage	Chondroma or Enchondroma Osteochondroma or exostosis	Chondrosarcoma
Fibrous tissue	Fibroma	Fibrosarcoma
Bone marrow	Eosinophilic granuloma - comes under histiocytosis-X.	Ewing's sarcoma (arises from endothelial cells of bone marrow) Multiple myeloma (arises from plasma cells of bone marrow)
Vascular	Haemangioma	Angiosarcoma
Uncertain	Giant cell tumour (osteoclastoma)	Malignant giant cell tumour

Table 7

CTEV VS

CDH

CTEV	CDH
Common in India	Uncommon in India
More common in boys	More common in girlsGirl: Boy ratio is 7:1
50% Bilateral condition	Mostly unilateral condition: Left hip more commonly affected than right (99%)

Table 8

Vascular non-union and Avascular non-union

Vascular non-union	Other Name: Hypertrophic nonunion or Hyper vascular Excess callus is formed in between the proximal and distal fragments. Hypertrophic nonunion is further subdivided into three types Elephant foot Horse - hoof (Within the limits) Oligotrophic (Minimal callus)
Avascular non-union	Other Name: Atrophy Lack of vascularity It is divided into four types Torsion - wedge non-union (Union is present in one side) Comminuted non-union (thrown into many pieces) Gap non-union (Open fracture) Atrophic non-union Tapering edges is present in the bone
This classification will help to determine the treatment for nonunion

Table 9

Classification of Bone Tumors

Cell type	Benign	Malignant
Bone	Osteoid osteoma	Osteosarcoma
Cartilage	Chondroma or Enchondroma Osteochondroma or exostosis	Chondrosarcoma
Fibrous tissue	Fibroma	Fibrosarcoma
Bone marrow	Eosinophilic granuloma - comes under histiocytosis-x.	Ewing's sarcoma Multiple myeloma
Vascular	Haemangioma	Angiosarcoma
Uncertain	Giant cell tumor (osteoclastoma)	Malignant giant cell tumor

Table 10

DISC PROLAPSE TREATMENT

Non surgical therapy	Bed rest- 7 days Pelvic traction Purpose- Immobilize the patient for 7 days NSAIDs/Oral steroids - Methylprednisolone Epidural steroids When NSAIDs/Oral steroids are not effective Physiotherapy Contraindications Cauda equina syndrome or Severe motor deficit
Surgical therapy	Open Discectomy Laminectomy & Discectomy Gold standard Relieve the pain Microdiscectomy Micro - Endoscopic Discectomy

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