20 High-Yield Ortho Flashcards NEET PG 2026

Flashcard 1

Avascular Necrosis (AVN)

T2 weighted images- Subchondral lesion shows a high signal intensity inner border with a low signal intensity peripheral rim. This is termed the "Double-line" Sign, which may add to the specificity in the diagnosis of AVN

• Other Name- Geographic sign
• X-ray- Crescent sign, Semilunar crescent-shaped opacity

Flashcard 2

Carpal Tunnel View

It is used to image an axial view of the Carpal Canal with particular attention to the Hook of the Hamate, Pisiform Bone & Trapezium fracture. The hand is maximally dorsiflexed using the opposite hand or a strap.

Flashcard 3

Clenched First View

The clenched fist view is an additional projection used to evaluate the suspected widening of the scapholunate interval, often performed bilaterally. It is a functional view that requires the patient to clench both hands. The signet ring sign in the scaphoid is indicative of scapholunate dissociation.

Flashcard 4

Spinal T.B. (Pott's Spine)

• Described by Sir Percival Pott
• Most common site of skeletal TB: Spine
• In spine, Thoraco-lumbar (D12 followed by L1) region is the most affected area.
• Most common in the First 3 decades of life.
• 3 ways of manifestations in Spinal TB
  • Progressive bone destruction leading to vertebral collapse
  • Kyphosis.
  • Cold abscess (no signs of inflammation)
  • Pott's paraplegia (paraplegia secondary to spinal TB)

Flashcard 5

T.B. of Hip Joint

• Second most affected type of skeletal TB
• In children, TB of the hip joint is most common.
• The lesions formed in the following hip regions:
  • Acetabular roof (most commonly affected) (1): the first affected site for the hip joint
  • Epiphysis of the femoral head (2)
  • Metaphysis of femoral neck (Babcock's triangle) (3)
  • Greater trochanter (4)
  • Synovial membrane (affected lately)

Flashcard 6

Osteomyelitis 

• Infection and inflammation of all layers of the bone and bone marrow.
• Reynold's coined the term osteomyelitis
• Nelaton: Popularized the term osteomyelitis.
• Subtypes of osteomyelitis: Waldvogel classification
  • Acute < 2 weeks.
  • Subacute - 2 to 4 weeks.
  • Chronic > 4 weeks.

Flashcard 7

Brodie's Abscess

• First described by Sir Benjamin Brody in 1832.
• These are localized abscess in the cancellous bone.

Flashcard 8

Sequestrum

Dead bone within a living bone like a nidus. Non-sterile(septic) thrombus clogs the vessels in the bone, and the local area undergoes infarction with sepsis. Then pus comes out and lifts the periosteum which causes the death of the underlying bone.

Flashcard 9

Various Osteochondritis

Flashcard 10

• Cuff and collar sling mechanism: Pulling down the action of the lateral one-third by the upper limb is neutralized.
• Figure-of-8 bandage mechanism: Pulling upward of the medial two-thirds by the sternocleidomastoid is neutralized.

Flashcard 11

Neer's Classification

Significance of Four-Part Fracture

• The complication of proximal humerus fracture is avascular necrosis.
• Overall maximum chance of avascular necrosis occurs in four-part fracture.
• Note: If Two-part fracture involves the anatomical neck it has the maximum chance of avascular necrosis.

Flashcard 12

Supracondylar fracture 

• Most common in children.
• Most common fractures require surgery in children.
• The most common age is 5 to 6 years.
• Boys are affected more than girls.
• Common on the left side.
  • Because most people are right-handed.
  • Whenever we fall, our left hand unconsciously comes first forward for defense (as it is less used).
  • Fall on our stretch hand (FOOSH).

Flashcard 13

• Also called Nursemaid's elbow.
• In an extended and pronated forearm, when the elbow is pulled, the Radial head subluxated out of the annular ligament with an audible snap.
• Most common in 1 to 4 years of age.
• It is rare after 5 years.
• Appearance of epiphysial centers around elbow joint:
  • Capitulum: 2 years.
  • Radial head: 4 years.
  • Medial epicondyle: 6 years.
  • Trochlea appears: 8 years.
  • Olecranon: 10 years.
  • Lateral epicondyle: 12 years.
• Mnemonic: CRETOL

Flashcard 14

 Galeazzi Fracture 

• Fracture of lower 3rd of radius with distal radioulnar joint subluxation.
• Other names
  • Piedmont fracture
  • Fracture of necessity: 100% surgery is necessary.
  • Reverse Monteggia

Flashcard 15

Colle's Fracture

• Named after Sir Abraham Colles.
• Also called Poutteau's fracture.
• Definition: It is not just a fracture at the lower end of the radius - but a fracture dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint. The fracture occurs about 2.5 cm above the carpal extremity of the radius.
• Extra-articular fracture.
• Occurs at a cortico-cancellous junction.
• Most common fractures in older people.
• Mechanism of injury: FOOSH with pronated dorsiflex hand.

Flashcard 16

Scaphoid Fracture

• A total of 8 carpal bones are present.
• The most common carpal bone that gets fractured is the scaphoid bone.
• The 2nd common carpal bone to get fractured is the Triquetrum.
• 3rd common is Trapezium.
• The 4th common is Lunate.
• Deformities of:
  • Colles fracture: Dinner fork deformity.
  • Smith fracture: Garden spade deformity.
  • Scaphoid fracture: Humpback deformity.

Flashcard 17

Blood Supply of Fracture Neck of Femur

• Retinacular vessels: Major supply. Deeper femoral artery gives Medial circumflex femoral and Lateral circumflex femoral arteries, from these the retinacular vessels arise
• Intraosseous cervical blood vessels: 2nd most important.
• Artery of ligamentum teres: 3rd most important. Also called a Foveolar Vessel.
• In fracture neck of femur - the blood supply of neck of femur stops as the vessels are damaged leading to Avascular necrosis.
• 90% of cases don't heal causing non-union due to lack of blood supply.

Flashcard 18

Posterior Dislocation of Hip

• Most common type
• Mode of injury: Axial force applied to a flexed, adducted, and internally rotated hip.
• Example: Dashboard injury.
• Position or Attitude of the Hip (Mnemonic: FADIR)
  • Flexion
  • Adduction
  • Internal rotation

Flashcard 19

Anterior Dislocation of Hip

• Very rare
• Mechanism of injury:
  • Forced abduction and lateral rotation of the hip. (Mnemonic: FABER)
  • Needs more forced trauma than dashboard injury.
• Example: Violent RTA, Air crash.
• Marked lengthening of the limb.
• Most common nerve damage is the Femoral nerve.
• The Vascular sign of Narath is negative.

Flashcard 20

Fracture of Patella 

• Patella is the largest sesamoid bone in the body.
• Functions of patella
  • Increases the mechanical advantage of the quadriceps tendon
  • To aid in the nourishment of articular cartilage
  • To protect the femoral condyles from injury
  • Acts as a hydraulic brake
• Mechanism of injury
  • Direct trauma: Produces comminuted fracture (direct injury to patella) - Most common
  • Indirect trauma: Produces a transverse fracture (due to violent contractions of quadriceps).

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