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Compare and Recall: Key Pharmacology Tables for NEET PG Success

Jul 8, 2025

Compare & Recall Key Pharmacology Tables for NEET PG Success

Table 1: Primary Pharmacokinetic parameters vs Secondary Pharmacokinetic parameters

Primary Pharmacokinetic parameters	Secondary Pharmacokinetic parameters
Absorption Bioavailability (BA) of the drug- Amount of drug coming into the blood Distribution The volume of distribution (Vd) Metabolism, Excretion Clearance capacity (CI) – Power of the body to excrete drug	Half-life (t1/2) Loading dose Maintenance dose

Table 2:Differences between Phase 1 and 2 reactions

Phase 1 reaction

Phase 2 reaction

Activity of the drug

Drugs convert into

Active form
Inactive form

Converts into inactive form only
Except: Morphine, Minoxidil
Converted into an active form
Enzymes transfer polar groups

Type of reaction

Oxidation

CYP-450 enzyme

Reduction

CYP-450 enzyme

Hydrolysis

Hydrolase enzyme: Esters

Deamination

Adenosine deaminase: Purines (Adenosine)

Dehydrogenation

Alcohol dehydrogenase: Alcohols

Cyclization

Proguanil

Decyclization

Glucuronide conjugation

Uridine Di-phosphate glucuronyl transferase (UDPGT)

Acetylation (add Acetyl group)

Acetyltransferase: SHIP drugs

Methylation

Methyl transferase

Glycination

Sulfation

Glutathionylation

Paracetamol

Most common

reaction

Most drugs undergo oxidation and

reduction

Most drugs undergo Glucuronide conjugation

Site of

reaction

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Also known as Microsomes

Microsomal reactions

Outside SER

Non-microsomal reactions

Except: Glucuronide conjugation

Microsomal reactions

Table 3: Differences between Microsomal and Non-microsomal System

Microsomal system	Non-microsomal system
Location	Inside SER	Outside SER
Number of drugs metabolized	Most of the drugs	Few drugs
Activity of the system	Increased/ decreased by drugs Enzyme inducers Enzyme inhibitors	Not affected by drugs
Genetic polymorphisms	Seen	Seen

Table 4: Examples of Agonist vs Physiological Antagonist

Agonist Physiological	Antagonist
Histamine- Bronchoconstriction	Adrenaline- Bronchodilation
Leukotrienes- Bronchoconstriction (LT receptor)	Salbutamol- Bronchodilation (β2 receptor)
PG-I2 - Antiplatelet action	Thromboxane- Platelet aggregation
PTH- Hypercalcemia	Calcitonin- Hypocalcemia
Insulin- Hypoglycemia	Glucagon- Hyperglycemia
β-blocker- Decreases heart rate	Glucagon- Increases heart rate

Table 5: Do vs. Not to do TDM (Therapeutic Drug Monitoring)

Do TDM	Don't Do TDM
Must do in case of narrow Therapeutic index drugs (low safety margin) Cannot monitor the toxic effects Lithium Poisoning of drug Nephrotoxic drugs in renal disease Aminoglycosides To check the compliance (timely intake of drugs) Antiepileptics (Phenytoin) - If missed, can cause rebound seizures	Wide safety margin Can easily monitor the toxic effects Insulin Warfarin Hit and run drugs Irreversibly attached to organs Not present in plasma Ex: Aspirin Pro-drugs Converted into another metabolite

Table 6: Reuptake and degradation

Reuptake	Degradation
The action of Dopamine and norepinephrine is terminated by reuptake into the neurons Dopamine is reuptake by a transporter called DAT (Dopamine transporter) Norepinephrine is removed by a transporter called NET (norepinephrine transporter) Epinephrine is removed by the Liver with the help of ENT (extra neuronal transporter)	Once the cathecolamines are reuptaken in to the neurons MAO enzyme and COMT enzyme present in the neurons and liver degrade these catecholamines

Table 7: Diabetes Insipidus

Neurogenic Diabetes Insipidus	Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
Lack of ADH secretion by hypothalamus Central diabetes insipidus DOC: Desmopressin Other drugs (Increases ADH secretion from brain) Chlorpropamide (also used in diabetes mellitus) Carbamazepine	ADH secretion is present but ADH receptors are non responsive Desmopressin is not effective DOC: Thiazide diuretics Sometime Indomethacin (NSAID) is added Lithium causes Lithium induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus DOC: Amiloride

Table 8: Drugs for Erectile dysfunction (Impotence)

Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors	It includes Sildenafil Tadalafil Avanafil Vardenafil ROA: Oral Side effects of sildenafil Blue green color blindness Hypotension, Headache
Alprostadil	Prostaglandin E1 ROA: Cavernosal injection
Phentolamine/Papaverine	Vasodilator ROA: Cavernosal injection
Apomorphine	ROA: Cavernosal injection

Table 9: Drugs for scabies

Topical drugs	Oral drugs
Permethrine (5%) lotion → DOC Also used for head lice Safe in pregnancy and can be given to children Lindane (Benzine hexachloride) Benzyl benzoate Crotamiton The above drugs are not given during pregnancy or to children	Ivermectin

Table 10:Bacteriostatic vs Bactericidal

Bacteriostatic (MS COLT)

Bactericidal (BANG Q RIP)

Macrolides

Sulphonamides

Chloramphenicol

Oxazolidinone (Linezolid)

Lincosamides (Clindamycin)

Tetracycline

Beta lactams (Penicillins, Cephalosporins,

Carbepenems, Monobactams)

Aminoglycosides

Nitroimidazole (Metronidazole)

Glycopeptides (Vancomycin)

Quinolones

Rifampicin

Polymyxin (colistin)

Table 11: Monoclonal antibodies in Asthma

Omalizumab	Blocks IgE Location- Surface of mast cells Uses- Chronic asthma, urticaria, nasal polyps Route: S/C injection once/month
Mepolizumab	Route: S/C injection Blocks IL-5 Treat chronic asthma, Churg Strauss syndrome
Reslizumab	Route:IV injection Blocks IL-5 Treat chronic asthma, Churg Strauss syndrome
Benralizumab	Blocks IL-5 receptors
Dupilumab	Blocks IL-4 receptors
Tezepelumab	Newer drug Blocks Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSL)

Table 12: ADP Receptor or P2 Y12 Blocker

Irreversible blockers	Reversible blockers
Ticlopidine Clopidogrel Prasugrel All are prodrugs (Inactive drugs)	Ticagrelor Cangrelor – IV drug (used during Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) Active drugs

Table 13: Targeted Therapy in Cancer

Small Molecules	Monoclonal Antibodies
Molecular weight: <900 Dalton Enters inside the cells to inhibit Protein kinase receptors Signaling molecule DNA directly Given orally	Large molecules (peptides) Act only from the surface These are injectables

Table 14:Atracurium Vs Cis Atracurium

Atracurium	Cis Atracurium
Mixture of >10 isomers	Only 1 isomer
Metabolised by Hofmann elimination and plasma esterase	Metabolised by Hofmann elimination (100%)
Histamine release leading to allergy	No histamine release
Laudanosine is a toxic form that accumulates in renal failure leading to a high risk of seizures	Not seen

Table 15: Management of Parkinson's Disease

Mechanism	Drug
No functional impairment or asymptomatic	Seligiline or rasagiline (Only neuroprotective drug)
Functional impairment	Levodopa (DOC and most effective) >>> Mild PD (Ropinirole or pramipexole)
Inhibit peripheral degradation of levodopa	Carbidopa, Benserazide
Levodopa-induced dyskinesia	Amantadine, Levitiracetam
Prolong ON phase	Entacapone → MAO-B inhibitors → Tolcapone
Reduce OFF phase	Injection Apomorphine
Vomiting	Domperidone
Psychosis	Clozapine, quetiapine, pimavanserin
Resting tremors (levodopa is not effective)	Anticholinergics like Benzhexol are used.

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