Aug 1, 2025
Mood and Affect
Table 2
Delusion versus Hallucination
Difference between Neurosis and Psychosis
Prognostic Factors of Schizophrenia
Major Symptoms and Patterns OCD
Symptoms of PTSD
Stages of change in a substance use and addictive disorder patient
Psychological and Social Interventions which help in recovery of Schizophrenia
Table 9
Differences Between NREM and REM
Transference and Countertransference
Mood |
Affect |
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Delusion Hallucination False belief (I know) False perception (I see, hear, taste, etc.) Delusion of infestation: Patient says that he knows there are insects under her skin. It is a belief, not experiencing it But in tactile hallucinations, patientsexperience it.
Neurosis |
Psychosis |
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Insight |
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Personality |
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Reality testing |
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Judgement |
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Delusion and Hallucination |
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Examples |
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Factor Good Prognosis Bad Prognosis Onset Acute (within 2 weeks)/ abrupt (within 2 days) Insidious Age Late onset Early onset Subtypes Catatonic/ Paranoid Simple (Worst) / Hebephrenic Gender Female Male Prominent Symptoms +ve -ve Mood symptoms Present Absent Family history Mood disorder (like bipolar, mood disorders) Schizophrenia Marital status Married Unmarried/ divorced Social Support Good Poor Premorbid functioning Good- Had better connections and relations Poor- Didn’t have proper connections and relations Employment Employed Unemployed Precipitating factors Present (financial or relationship issues) Absent.
Contamination / Cleansing Most common presentation
An obsession with contamination followed by washing and avoidance of the presumably contaminated object.Pathological doubt / Checking 2nd most common presentation
Obsession of doubt, usually followed by compulsion of checkingIntrusive / forbidden thoughts Intrusive obsessional thoughts without observable compulsion
Sexual and aggressive thoughts may be seenSymmetry / ordering Patient needs symmetry / precision which results in the compulsion of slowness Other symptoms Magical thinking – Patient believes that their thoughts about an event can cause the event to occur in the physical world
M- Mood and Cognitive symptoms |
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A- Avoidance |
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H- Hyperarousal |
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I- Intrusion symptoms |
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Pre contemplation Doesn't see any problem in his and has no intention of Changing it Provide information, the risks (of no change) vs the benefits (of change) about the need for Change. Contemplation Realises he has a problem and starts considering the risks and benefits of stopping the behavior. But has no commitments for action. Encourage the patients to set goals and make specific small plans to move to the next stage. Preparation Now intends to stop the behavior and starts making a plan Help in creating and implementing the plans, setting realistic goals and help move to the next stage Action Takes action, stops the behavior and makes changes in his behavior. Provide support, feedback and help remain in this phase until he reaches the Maintenance phase. The Maintenance Phase is reached after remaining in action for 6 months. Maintenance Continues to have changed behavior- Sustained Change. Provide support, feedback and also help & address slips and relapses Relapse Falling back into the same pattern of old behavior. Relapse prevention techniques are used. Relapse can occur in any stage.
Psychological Therapy |
Points to Remember |
Family interventions |
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Assertive community treatment |
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Supported employment |
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Token economy |
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Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) |
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Cognitive remediation |
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Skills training |
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Housing first |
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NREM |
REM |
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Transference |
Countertransference |
Example Scenarios
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Example Scenarios
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