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psychiatry

Compare & Recall: High-Yield Psychiatry Tables for NEET PG

Aug 1, 2025

Table 1

Mood and Affect

Mood	Affect
Persistent and pervasive emotional state. Persistent: Means present most of the time. Pervasive: Means present in most places.	Expression of emotion that is observed by the therapist. Expressed on the face and through body language.
Mood is something that the patient will tell.	Affect is something that is observed by the therapist.
An internal phenomenon.	An external phenomenon.
Mood is long-term: Emotional state present for some time.	Affect is cross-sectional: Observed at that very moment.

Table 2

Delusion versus Hallucination

Delusion	Hallucination
False belief (I know)	False perception (I see, hear, taste, etc.)
Delusion of infestation: Patient says that he knows there are insects under her skin. It is a belief, not experiencing it	But in tactile hallucinations, patientsexperience it.

Table 3

Difference between Neurosis and Psychosis

Neurosis	Psychosis
Insight	Present	Absent
Personality	Preserved	Affected
Reality testing	Present	Absent
Judgement	Intact	Impaired
Delusion and Hallucination	Absent	Present
Examples	Anxiety Disorders OCD Sexual disorders Depression	Schizophrenia Delusional disorders Mania Psychotic depression

Table 4

Prognostic Factors of Schizophrenia

Factor	Good Prognosis	Bad Prognosis
Onset	Acute (within 2 weeks)/ abrupt (within 2 days)	Insidious
Age	Late onset	Early onset
Subtypes	Catatonic/ Paranoid	Simple (Worst) / Hebephrenic
Gender	Female	Male
Prominent Symptoms	+ve	-ve
Mood symptoms	Present	Absent
Family history	Mood disorder (like bipolar, mood disorders)	Schizophrenia
Marital status	Married	Unmarried/ divorced
Social Support	Good	Poor
Premorbid functioning	Good- Had better connections and relations	Poor- Didn’t have proper connections and relations
Employment	Employed	Unemployed
Precipitating factors	Present (financial or relationship issues)	Absent.

Table 5

Major Symptoms and Patterns OCD

Contamination / Cleansing	Most common presentation An obsession with contamination followed by washing and avoidance of the presumably contaminated object.
Pathological doubt / Checking	2nd most common presentation Obsession of doubt, usually followed by compulsion of checking
Intrusive / forbidden thoughts	Intrusive obsessional thoughts without observable compulsion Sexual and aggressive thoughts may be seen
Symmetry / ordering	Patient needs symmetry / precision which results in the compulsion of slowness
Other symptoms	Magical thinking – Patient believes that their thoughts about an event can cause the event to occur in the physical world

Table 6

Symptoms of PTSD

M- Mood and Cognitive symptoms	Develops negative emotional state like fear, anger, and guilt. Negative emotional state- Mr. PT is fearful of driving and is guilty as his friend met with the accident. May develop negative beliefs- Mr. PT thinks he is a bad person.
A- Avoidance	Tries to avoid feelings, memories, or thoughts of people, places, and objects that are related to the trauma. Avoidance- Mr. PT avoids taking the usual route to the office.
H- Hyperarousal	Irritability Exaggerated startle response Hypervigilant Insomnia Decreased concentration.
I- Intrusion symptoms	Distressing dreams, memories- Re-experiencing symptoms Flashbacks of the event.

Table 7

Stages of change in a substance use and addictive disorder patient

Pre contemplation	Doesn't see any problem in his and has no intention of Changing it	Provide information, the risks (of no change) vs the benefits (of change) about the need for Change.
Contemplation	Realises he has a problem and starts considering the risks and benefits of stopping the behavior. But has no commitments for action.	Encourage the patients to set goals and make specific small plans to move to the next stage.
Preparation	Now intends to stop the behavior and starts making a plan	Help in creating and implementing the plans, setting realistic goals and help move to the next stage
Action	Takes action, stops the behavior and makes changes in his behavior.	Provide support, feedback and help remain in this phase until he reaches the Maintenance phase. The Maintenance Phase is reached after remaining in action for 6 months.
Maintenance	Continues to have changed behavior- Sustained Change.	Provide support, feedback and also help & address slips and relapses
Relapse	Falling back into the same pattern of old behavior.	Relapse prevention techniques are used. Relapse can occur in any stage.

Table 8

Psychological and Social Interventions which help in recovery of Schizophrenia

Psychological Therapy	Points to Remember
Family interventions	Reduce the negative expressed emotions like, Criticism Hostility Over involvement This has shown more relapses. Family members are taught Illness education Coping skills Emotional support
Assertive community treatment	Reaching patients within the community to deliver care.
Supported employment	Providing employment is beneficial.
Token economy	For in patient facilities Given for desired behaviors Can redeem the token for material items/ privileges
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)	Also used in depression Many cognitive and behavioral techniques are used to cope up with residual symptoms.
Cognitive remediation	To improve cognitive functions like, Attention Memory Executive functions
Skills training	Social skill training is given Improves social functioning
Housing first	Proving permanent housing while giving ongoing support.

Table 9

Differences Between NREM and REM

NREM

REM

Known as orthodox or conventional sleep
Brain activity & physiological activity lower than the awake state.
Any movement: Disorder of NREM.
Known as synchronized sleep-Minimal variations are there in parameters such as pulse rate, respiratory rate and BP.
Pulsatile release of Gonadotropins and Growth hormones.
Body movements are present.
Penile erection is absent.
Dreams are not remembered.

Paradoxical sleep - asleep but the EEG is showing the activity of the active day.
Brain activity and physiological activity area increased or same as in the awake state except for the muscle tone (the muscles are in the state of paralysis).
Known as desynchronized sleep: Lots of variables in REM
Body movements are absent.
Penile erection is present.
Dreams are remembered.

Table 10

Transference and Countertransference

Transference

Countertransference

Feelings of a patient towards the therapist.
Can be both conscious or unconscious.
Based on past relationships with a significant figure in the patient’s life.
It can be both –ve and +ve.

Example Scenarios

Negative feelings: A 30-year-old female went to a 50-year-old therapist and says you are very rude just like my stepfather.
Positive feelings: A 30-year-old female went to a 50-year-old therapist and says you are very kind just like my father.
Transference can be used in therapy to know the unconscious feelings the patient is having

Feelings of a therapist towards the patient.
It can be both conscious and unconscious.
It can be both –ve and +ve.

Example Scenarios

The therapist is missing appointments.
During the interview, the therapist is sleeping.

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