20 Must-Know Surgery Flashcards NEET PG 2026

Flashcard 1 

Necrotising Fascitis 

Clinical features

• It is characterized by blackish discolouration of skin, erythema and edema
• Woody hard texture of subcutaneous tissue on palpation
• Necrosis of the skin, superficial fascia, deep fascia
• Typically, muscle is spared
• It is a polymicrobial infection (i.e. Both aerobe & anaerobes are responsible)
• The single most common organism is the Group A Beta-hemolytic streptococci.
• The most important presenting symptom is severe pain.
• Sometimes, without treatment, pain decreases: Ominous sign
• The pain decreases due to thrombosis of small vessels and destruction of peripheral nerves

Flashcard 2

Stages of Tuberculous Lymphadenitis

Flashcard 3 

Surgical Classification of Wound

Flashcard 4

Types of Abnormal Scars

Hypertrophic Scar

Keloid

Has excessive scar tissue Scar doesn't extend beyond the boundary of the original wound/incision Results from Prolonged inflammatory phase Unfavourable scar sighting (across tension lines) On histology Excess collagen Hypervascularity Well-organized type III collagen Management Improves spontaneously with time For ongoing hypertrophy in the scar: intralesional steroids (triamcinolone) If scar persists after 1 year: Surgical excision + Primary closure of the wound

Has excessive scar tissue Scar extends beyond the boundaries of the original wound or incision Associated with Elevated levels of growth factors Deeply pigmented skin Genetic predisposition Sternum is the most common site. Especially seen in the triangular region with boundaries of each shoulder tip and Xiphisternum On Histology Excess collagen & Hypervascularity Contains disorganized Type I & III collagen Treatment Rarely regresses with time Often refractory to Medical & Surgical intervention First line treatment: Silicone sheet + Pressure therapy + Intralesional injection of triamcinolone In Refractory Cases, Excision + Postoperative Radiotherapy (External beam radiotherapy/Brachytherapy)

Flashcard 5 

Midface Fractures

Le Fort I	Le Fort II	Le Fort III
The fracture line runs above & parallel to the palate. Separates alveolus and palate from facial skeleton.	Pyramidal in shape. Fracture line passes through: Root of Nose. Lacrimal bone. Orbital floor. Maxillary sinus (upper part). Pterygoid plate. Orbital floor always involved Mnemonic: Nose Lao Maxilla Pe	Complete disjunction of the facial skeleton from the skull. Fracture line passes through: Nasal bridge. Septum. Ethmoid bone. Orbit. Frontozygomatic suture.  Mnemonic: NSE of Z

Flashcard 6

ATLS Modification of Parkland Formula

Flashcard 7

Basal cell carcinoma

• It is also known as "Rodent Ulcer/ Tear Ca"
• Usually present above an imaginary line drawn between the ear lobule and the corner of the mouth
• Arises from the basal layer of the epidermis
• Most common site: Nose > Inner Canthus
• The most common type of BCC: Nodular
• Central depression of umbilication
• Small pearly white nodules at the periphery
• Dilated or telangiectasia vessels are seen on the surface
• Investigation of choice: Biopsy
• Management: Wide local Excision with a 2 cm margin
• MOH'S Micrographic Surgery (for both BCC & SCC): aggressive tumors involving vital areas/cosmetic areas and recurrent tumors

Flashcard 8

Vascular Anomalies of Skin

Strawberry Angioma	Salmon's Patch	Port Wine Stain
Type of capillary Hemangioma The baby who is normal at birth and it appears after 1 - 3 weeks and grows along with the child till 1 year. In 90% of cases: Complete involution in 9 years Emptying sign positive	It is also known as macular stain/stork bite It is present at birth Generally seen in the midline from forehead to occiput It disappears at 1 year of Age·	It is present at birth It grows along with the child It is seen along the distribution of the fifth cranial nerve or Trigeminal nerve It is seen on the face It persists

Flashcard 9

Subclavian Artery Stenosis

• MC cause of subclavian artery stenosis: Atherosclerosis
• MC involved vessel: Left SCA > Right SCA.
• MC site of stenosis: 1st part of left SCA. It occurs just distal to the origin of SCA & proximal to the origin of the vertebral artery.

Flashcard 10

Grading of Clinical Manifestations

Venous Ulcer	Arterial Ulcer
Typical features of Venous Ulcer: Sloping edges Pink granulation tissue at the base Hyperpigmentation of skin around the ulcer Cause of Hyperpigmentation of skin: Hemosiderin Deposits	Typical features of Arterial Ulcer: Punched out Thin shiny skin Absence of hair Brittle nails

Flashcard 11

CA Lung / Bronchogenic Carcinoma

• Arises from the respiratory epithelium of bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli.
• It mainly arises from lung hilum (except bronchoalveolar carcinoma & certain adenocarcinoma)
• Most common type of lung neoplasm
• The most common visceral malignancy worldwide
• The most common malignancy responsible for deaths

Flashcard 12

Metastatic Breast Cancer

• Stage IV is included in metastatic breast cancer.
• Two principles are followed in the case of metastatic breast cancer:
  • Survival is prolonged
  • Simultaneously, the quality of life is improved.

Flashcard 13

TRAM Flap

• Transverse Rectus Abdominis Muscle flap
• It is based on Inferior Epigastric vessels.
• It is a type of Free flap
• Restore vascularity of inferior epigastric artery and vein with internal mammary artery and vein.
• Disadvantage
  • Cutting of the abdomen causes weakness in the infra-umbilical region.
  • This leads to an increased risk of hernia.
• Most commonly used
• Not the best flap

Flashcard 14

Management of Solitary Thyroid Nodule

Flashcard 15

MEN 2 / Sipple Syndrome 

• MEN 2 is also known as MEN 2A / Sipple syndrome.
• MEN 2B is also known as MEN 3.

Characteristics of MEN 2 / MEN 2A (Mnemonic: “MP in PHC”)

• Medullary carcinoma thyroid
• Pheochromocytoma
• Parathyroid hyperplasia/adenoma
• Hirschsprung disease
• Cutaneous lichen amyloidosis

Factors common to MEN 2A and MEN 2B. They are:

• Medullary carcinoma thyroid
• Pheochromocytoma
• RET oncogene mutation is responsible for both MEN 2A and MEN 2B.

Flashcard 16

Salivary Gland

•  Most common salivary gland tumor: Pleomorphic adenoma
• Most common malignant salivary gland tumor in children and adults: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
• Most common neoplasm of the salivary gland in children: Hemangioma
• Most common malignant tumor of minor salivary gland: Adenoid cystic carcinoma
• All salivary gland tumors are more common in parotid:
  • Pleomorphic adenoma
  • Warthin's tumor - exclusively seen in the parotid
  • Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma - exclusively seen in the parotid
  • Acinic cell Carcinoma - exclusively seen in the parotid
  • Lymphoma
  • Metastasis
• Except
  • Adenoid cystic carcinoma: More common in minor salivary glands.
  • Squamous cell carcinoma: More common in the submandibular gland.

Flashcard 17

Hiatus Hernia

Type I

Sliding hernia

• Herniation of GE junction
• Reflux

Type II 

True Paraesophageal Hernia/ Rolling Hernia

• Herniation of fundus
• Abdominal pain

Type III 

Mixed paraoesophageal hernia

• Herniation of GE junction and fundus
• Reflux
• Abdominal pain

Type IV 

Herniation of content other than stomach

• Abdominal pain
• Increased risk of complications

Flashcard 18

Modified Johnson's Classification for Gastric Ulcer

• Most common type - type I.
• Type II to type V associated with blood group O.
• Type I is associated with blood group A.
• Type I, IV, and V - Normal or decreased acid production.
• Type II and III - Increased acid production.

Treatment

• Type II and III - Truncal vagotomy and antrectomy.
• Type I – Distal gastrectomy is done.
• Type IV – Special procedures to excise ulcer locally
• Type V – Stop NSAIDs.

Flashcard 19

Peutz Jeghers Polyp

• Multiple Hamartomatous polyps
• Most common site: Jejunum (Small intestine)
• Mutated Gene: LKB-1, STK-11
  • Located on chromosome 19
• It increases the risk of carcinoma pancreas.
• Patients will have hypermelanotic macules.
  • Present over the
    • Lips and perioral
    • Buccal mucosa
• Histology:
  • Tree-like pattern
  • Other Name: Arborization, Pseudoinvasion

Flashcard 20

Signs of Acute appendicitis

Rovsing's sign

• Most characteristic sign.
• Pain in right iliac fossa while pressing left Iliac fossa.

Obturator sign

• Pain on internal rotation of right thigh over hip joint.
• Positive in pelvic appendicitis.

Psoas sign

• Hyperextension of the right hip joint causes pain in the right iliac fossa.
• Positive in retrocecal appendicitis.

Ochsner Sherren Regime

• Conservative management of appendicular lump.
• CECT should be performed to confirm the diagnosis.
• Start with IV antibiotics
• Monitor vitals - pulse and temperature for every 4 hours.
• If the condition improves after 4 to 6 weeks - Interval appendectomy is performed.
  • Done if recurrent appendicitis is present.

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