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Forensic medicine

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Jul 17, 2025

Table 1

Type of Witness

Type of Witness	Description
Common Witness	The most common one Also known as a layman witness. Perceived as fact. A first-hand knowledge rule. Example of Eyewitness If A killed B, if you have seen the crime then you are considered an eye witness or common witness Whatever you have seen or experienced is known as the first-hand knowledge rule. Common witness cannot be an expert witness
Expert Witness	Qualified or skilled or trained person. Examples of Expert witness Doctor Fingerprint expert Chemical examiner Explosive expert Firearm expert It comes under the 45 IEA. Volunteering of the statement (saying facts voluntarily) Expert witness can be a common witness

Table 2

Judicial vs Executive Magistrate

Judicial Magistrate	Executive Magistrate
Appointed by the high court	Appointed by the state government
It includes: First-class judicial magistrate Second-class judicial magistrate Chief judicial magistrate	It includes : District magistrate Other executive magistrates are Sub-divisional district magistrate Additional district magistrate Tehsildar District collector

Table 3

Dying Declaration Vs Dying Deposition

Dying Declaration	Dying Deposition
Followed in India. Statement given by the dying patient. This statement can be: Oral statement, document Based on the 32 IEA. The declaration can be given by Victim Magistrate Doctor Police Any person Not Recommended Oath Cross-examination Leading questions	Followed in developed countries. Occurs in the presence of: magistrate, defense lawyer Recommendations Oath Cross examination is done (Best to protect the accused) Leadings questions are asked

Table 4

Blood Stains

Screening Tests	Confirmatory Tests
1. Tests based on Peroxidase enzyme activity a. Benzidine test b. Phenolphthalein test/ Kastle-Mayer test c. Orthotolidine test d. Leucomalachite test 2. Luminescence test	1. Microchemical Tests a. Teichmann test b. Takayama test 2. Spectroscopy Tests 3. Microscopy

Table 5

Different Screening Tests for Blood Stains

Test	Color
Benzidine test	Blue
Phenolphthalein test/ Kastle-Mayer test	Pink
Orthotolidine test	Blue
Leucomalachite test	Peacock blue

Table 6

Causes of Male Impotence

Psychological	Vasculogenic	Honeymoon impotence	Other causes
Most common	Most commonorganic cause	Temporary	Neurogenic Congenital Acquired (e.g. Hydrocele)
Examples: Anxiety, depression, severestress, fear, tension	Cause: Hypertension (¯blood flow)	Cause: Due to anxiety

Table 7

Differences Between Sign of Virginity and Defloration

	Virginity	Defloration
Hymen	Intact	Torn (posterolateral aspect)
Labia majora	Closely apposed	Not so apposed (exposed)
Labia minora	Pink	Pigmented
Posterior commissure	Intact	Torn
Fourchette	Intact	Torn
Fossa navicularis	Intact	Disappears
Vaginal	canal Narrow with rugosities	Dilated
Breasts	Small and firm	Large and flabby
Areola and nipple	Small	Large/Raised

Table 8

Differences between Hymenal tear and Fimbriated hymen

	Hymenal Tear	Fimbriated Hymen
	It can be on any side	It is on the anterior side
Situation of notches	Extend to the vaginal wall or periphery	Don't extend to the vaginal wall or periphery
Shape and size	Asymmetrical	Bi-lateral and symmetrical,
Mucous membrane over notches	Absent	Intact
Cause	Sex, masturbation	Natural

Table 9

Taken by doctor & given by patient; part of clause 13 of Indian contract act.

Medical Examination	Consent required → No consent → Considered assault → Punishable under 130 BNS
Any procedure (Blood Transfusion)	Consent: Required.
Victim Examination	Consent: Required. (184 BNSS: Rape)
Accused Examination	Consent: Not required. (52 BNSS: Rape)
Prisoner examination	Consent: Not required
Any arrested person	Consent: Not required, medical examination (51 BNSS)

Table 10

Civil vs Criminal

	CIVIL/TORT	CRIMINAL
Negligence	Lack of care/skill	Gross/willful
Burden/Onus of proof	Patient	Doctor
Punishment	Fine/Compensation	Fine/106 BNS
Trial By	Civil/consumer court	Criminal court
Example	Wrong prescription, drug/dose/information.	Swab/Instrument left inside body. Wrong site operation. Wrong patient. Intoxicated doctor.

Table 11

Declarations

DECLARATIONS		DECLARATIONS
Geneva	Hippocratic oath	Lisbon	Rights of patients
Tokyo	Torture	Malta	Hunger strike
Sydney	Deﬁnition of death	Washington	Biological warfare
Oslo	Therapeutic abortion	Ottawa	Child health
Helsinki	Human experimentation and research.	Hong Kong	Old abuse
Venice	Terminal illness	TAIPEI	Tissue and DATA -Research
		Munich	Medicine

Table 12

Registration of Birth and Death Act 1969

	No respiration	Respiration
Level of diaphragm	4-5 ribs	6-7 ribs
Chest	Flat	Expanded
Lung - Volume	Less	More
Size	Small	Bigger
Margin	Sharp	Round
Consistency	Solid, Firm, Dense	Spongy, Crepitant
Weight	30g1/70 of body weight	60g1/35 of body weight
Colour	Bluish violet Uniform	Light red Mottled areas
Epithelium	Cuboidal	Squamous
Speciﬁc gravity	1.04	0.94

Table 13

P M finding -in burn cases

	Antemortem	Post -mortem
Lines of redness	Present	Absent
Vital Reaction	Present (periphery +, center -)	Absent
Enzymatic reaction	Present (periphery +, center -)	Absent
Blister	Albumin protein +chloride	Air +thin fluid
CO-HB	Elevated Level	Normal level
Cyanide	Increased level	Normal level
Carbon particle /soot particle	carbon particle in trachea (most characteristic)	Absent
Curling ulcer	Most common site is 1st part of duodenum	Absent

Table 14

Types of Bullets

Souvenir bullet/ sleeping bullet	It is a retained bullet in the body or skin. Surrounding the bullet there will be fibrosis; it is composed of lead. So, it will cause lead poisoning, which is known as Plumbism.
Frangible bullet	It divides into multiple components. Composed of Iron and copper.
Tumbling bullet	Rotates end-to-end.
Duplex bullet	Two bullets in a cartridge.
Tracer bullet	Pathways can be traced as it liberates illuminating subjects.
Incendiary bullet	Contains phosphorus. It catches fire.
Yawning bullet	Slow and irregular bullet.
Tandem bullet	If two bullets are coming out, it is called tandem also known as piggyback bullets.
Plastic or Baton bullet	It is composed of polyvinyl chloride and used in riot control.
Poison bullet	Curare, resin. Any type of poison in a bullet is known as a poison bullet.
Ricochet bullet	If a bullet is deflected from any intermediate object and goes into your body. Critical Ricochet angle is 30 degrees. Spin and rotation lost, so no abrasion collar. Burning, blackening, and tattooing all are absent.
Round nose tip bullet	Round Tip
Sharp nose bullet	Sharp pointed Tip
Fully jacketed bullet	Copper jacket
Semi-jacketed bullet	Nose is not jacketed, expanded inside tissues Two types of Semi-jacketed bullets are: Dum- Dum bullets Hollow pointed bullets This causes more external damage due to expansion

Table 15

Composition of embalming fluid

Preservative	Formalin.Formaldehyde.Methanol(Not ethanol)
Antiseptic/Germicide	Phenol.
Wetting agent	Glycerin.
Anticoagulant	Sodium citrate.
Buﬀer	Sodium carbonate/chloride.
Vehicle	Water.

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