Septic Arthritis: Causes, Symptoms, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Treatment and Complications

"Septic arthritis," a painful joint infection, may be caused by bacteria that enter your bloodstream from another area of your body. Penetrating injuries (such as animal bites or traumas) that allow germs to enter the joint directly can also cause septic arthritis.

Pediatric and elderly populations are more susceptible to septic arthritis. Septic arthritis can also strike those who use prosthetic joints. Septic arthritis primarily affects the knees, though it can also affect the hips, shoulders, and other joints. Treatment must begin right once since the infection has the potential to quickly and severely harm the bone and cartilage in the joint.

When undergoing surgery or receiving treatment, a needle is used to empty the joint. Antibiotics are typically also required.

Causes Of Septic Arthritis

Bacterial infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus, or staph, are the most common cause. Septic arthritis can occur when an infection, such as a skin or urinary tract infection, gets into a joint and spreads throughout your system. Less frequently, an incisional wound, an injection of medication, or surgery within or near a joint including joint replacement surgery may allow the bacteria to enter the joint area.

The lining of your joints is not especially effective at preventing infections. Your body's reaction to the infection causes damage, including inflammation that can increase joint pressure and reduce blood flow.

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Symptoms Of Septic Arthritis

Septic arthritis typically causes unbearable pain that prevents the diseased joint from being used. In addition to edema, redness, and warmth in the joint, you might have a fever.

If septic arthritis develops in an artificial joint (prosthetic joint infection), signs and symptoms including mild pain and edema may arise months or years after knee replacement or hip replacement surgery. There may also be a loosening of the joint, causing pain when you move it or apply weight to it. The ache normally goes away when you're at rest. The joint may dislocate in extreme cases.

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Risk Factors Of Septic Arthritis

Among the risk factors for septic arthritis are:

• Present JOINT problems: Past joint surgery, joint trauma, and long-term joint-related illnesses including lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, or gout may increase your risk of getting septic arthritis.
• Having an artificial joint: Bacteria may enter a prosthetic joint during surgery, or the bloodstream may introduce pathogens from one area of the body to another, increasing the risk of infection.
• Taking medication for rheumatoid arthritis: People with rheumatoid arthritis who use medications that can lower their immune systems, increasing the risk of infections, are also more vulnerable. It might be difficult to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis patients who have septic arthritis since many of the symptoms are similar.
• Skin fragilit: Skin that heals poorly and breaks readily could be a gateway for bacteria to enter your body. People with skin conditions like psoriasis, eczema, and infected skin sores are more likely to develop septic arthritis. Regular drug injectors bear the danger of contracting an infection at the injection site.
• Weak immune system: People with weakened immune systems are more susceptible to developing septic arthritis. This covers those with diabetes, immune-suppressive drugs, and conditions affecting the kidneys, liver, or kidney-related organs.
• Damage to the joints: Animal bites, puncture wounds, and cuts over a joint can all result in septic arthritis.

When you have many risk factors as opposed to only one, your risk is higher.

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Diagnosis Of Septic Arthritis

The diagnosis of septic arthritis is usually made using the following tests:

• Evaluation of joined fluid: The fluid in your joints can change due to an infection in terms of color, consistency, volume, and composition. A needle can be used to remove a sample of this fluid from the afflicted joint. The appropriate course of action can be recommended by your doctor based on the results of laboratory tests that identify the organism causing your infection.
• Blood examinations: These can identify if your blood has any indications of illness. A needle is used to draw blood from a vein in you.
• Imaging examinations: The degree of damage to an artificial joint that has come loose can be determined by X-rays and other imaging studies on the afflicted joint.
• If your doctor thinks you might develop an infection in your prosthetic joint and it has been more than a year since your last operation, they might do a specialist scan where you will need to inject or swallow a small quantity of radioactive material.

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Treatment Of Septic Arthritis

Medical professionals treat septic arthritis with joint draining and antibiotics.

Joint drainage

It is important to remove the contaminated joint fluid. Among the drainage methods are:

• Needles: Your doctor may occasionally use a needle to puncture the joint area to remove the infected fluid.
• Range of the process: A tiny incision is created during an arthroscopy procedure to allow a flexible tube with a video camera at its tip to be inserted into your joint. Your joint will then undergo minor incisions to make room for the suction and drainage tubes.
• An opening was created during surgery: Certain joints, such as the hip, require open surgery because they are more challenging to drain using a needle or arthroscopy.

Antibiotics

To determine the best course of action, your doctor must identify the bacteria causing your infection. Initially, an arm vein is frequently used to provide antibiotics. In the future, you may be able to switch to oral antibiotics.

Usually, the duration of the treatment is between two and six weeks. Antibiotic side effects include vomiting, nausea, and diarrhea are possible. Additionally, allergic reactions can occur. Ask your doctor about the potential side effects of the medication you are taking.

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Complications Of Septic Arthritis

Delaying treatment for septic arthritis may cause irreversible joint degradation. Joint dislocation or loosening may occur if an artificial joint is impacted by septic arthritis.

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