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pediatrics

Compare & Recall: High-Yield Pediatrics Tables for NEET PG

Jul 21, 2025

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Table 1

Normal Variants

Table 2

Milestones

Table 3

Other Important Fine Motor Milestones

Table 4

APGAR Score

Table 5

Physiological jaundice v/s Pathological Jaundice

Table 6

Age Independent Anthropometric Indices

Table 7

Childhood Tuberculosis (TB)

Table 8

Latest National Immunization Schedule

Table 9

Treatment of Asthma in children

Table 10

CNS Infections in Children

Compare & Recall High-Yield Pediatrics Tables for NEET PG

Table 1

Normal Variants

Familial Short Stature	CDGP (Constitutional Delay in Growth & Puberty)
The child is short, but height is normal as per his expected height based on Mid parental height.	Child’s height is less than expected during childhood, but final adult height attained is normal
Family H/O short stature present	Height of the parents is normal
Child has normal puberty	Child has delayed puberty and family h/o of delayed puberty
Bone age = Chronological age	Bone Age < Chronological age

Table 2

Milestones

4 months	Partial weight bearing when made to stand
5 months	Feet to mouth, complete neck control
6 months	Sitting with support/sitting in a tripod position ATNR is lost and the baby rolls over from Prone to supine
7 months	Supine to prone
8 months	Sitting without support and also starts crawling
9 months	Standing with support
10 months	Creeping
10-11 months	Pivoting Cruising
1 year (12 months)	Stand without support Walks with support Walks with one hand held
13 months	Walks without support
15 months	Creeps upstairs Sits on a chair

18 months	Goes upstairs & downstairs holding the side railing Runs on a level ground Pulls a toy
2 years	Goes upstairs & downstairs (2 feet per step) Kicks a ball Walks backwards
3 years	Goes upstairs with alternating feet & downstairs with 2 per step Rides a tricycle
4 years	Goes upstairs & downstairs with alternating feet Hopping
5 years	Skip Can stand on 1 leg for > 10 sec

Table 3

Other Important Fine Motor Milestones

15 month	Scribbles spontaneously Makes a tower of 2 cubes Feeds self with a cup
18 months	Make a tower of 3 cubes Can turn 2-3 pages at a time Can feed self with a spoon
2 years	Makes a tower of 6-7 cubes Can turn doorknobs and unscrew lids Turns pages singly Handedness begins to appears
3 years	Handedness gets established (appears at 24 months) Make a tower of 9-10 cubes Can dress/undress self except buttons
4 years	Can button and unbutton
5 years	Can tie shoelaces
6-7 years	Copies a diamond

Table 4

APGAR Score

Components	0	1	2
Appearance	Completely blue or pale	The body is pink, but extremities are blue	Completely pink
Pulse rate	Absent	<100/min	>100/min
Grimace	No response	Grimaces only	Coughs/sneezes
Activity	Limp and ﬂaccid	Some ﬂexion present	Flexed posture and actively moving limbs
Respiratory eﬀort	None	Slow and irregular	Normal/strong

Table 5

Physiological jaundice v/s Pathological Jaundice

Physiological jaundice	Pathological jaundice
Clinical jaundice never appears in 1^st 24hrs of life	Clinical jaundice may appear in 1^st 24 hours of life
Always unconjugated. High-coloured urine or clay-coloured stools are not seen.	May be conjugated/unconjugated. High-coloured urine with or without pale/clay-coloured stools may or may not be seen
Palms and soles never stained yellow	Palms and soles may be stained yellow
Clinical jaundice usually doesn’t persist beyond 2 weeks in term neonates and 3 weeks in preterm-neonates	May persist beyond 3 weeks

Table 6

Age Independent Anthropometric Indices

Name	Formula	Normal	Malnutrition
Kanawati & Mclaren's Index	Mid arm circumference/Head circumference	0.32-0.33	<0.25
Rao & Singh's Index	Wt (Kg)× 100Ht (cm)²	>0.14	<0.14
Dugdale's Index	Wt (Kg)× 100Ht (cm)^1.6	0.88-0.97	<0.79
Quacker's midarm circumference measuring stick (Quac stick)	Mid arm circumference for a given height	>85% of expected	<75% of expected: severe malnutrition
Jeliﬀ's ratio	Head circumference/Chest circumference	For a child > 1 yr age, ratio should be <1	>1 in a child, > 1 yr age

Table 7

Childhood Tuberculosis (TB)

Facts	The most common age group in children: < 5 years The most common form of TB in children: Pulmonary TB The most common extrapulmonary form of TB in children: Tubercular lymphadenitis
Primary TB/ Ghon's focus	Childhood TB- Lungs Congenital TB- Liver
Clinical features	Low-grade persistent fever for 2 weeks Weight loss Constitutional features System speciﬁc features Persistent cough Nodular swelling Pain abdomen, abdominal distension,constipation.
Diagnosis	History of contact with TB patient Demonstration of bacteriological evidence of tuberculosis Pulmonary Tuberculosis: ® Early morning gastric aspirate sample/Bronchoalveolar lavage/ Induced sputum CNS Tuberculosis: CSF samples Lymph Node Tuberculosis:FNAC /Lymph node biopsy CBNAAT (cartridge-based nucleic acid ampliﬁcation test) Microscopy with Ziehl–Neelsen stain Culture and Drug sensitivity testing
Other investigations	Elevated ESR Mantoux test/ Tuberculin test: Induration >10 mm, measured 48-72 hrs, indicates a positive result. IGRA- Interferon ψ release assay Lacks utility as it does not provide information about active infection Imaging USG abdomen CT CNS TB- CECT or MRI brain Chest X-ray
Management Recent updates	First line regimen
	Type of TB case	Treatment regimen in Intensive Phase (IP)	Treatment regimen in Continuation Phase (CP)
	New	(2) HRZE	(4) HRE
	Previously treated	(2) HRZE	(4) HRE
	Daily treatment is given to all pediatric patients. Only pyrazinamide is stopped in the Continuation Phase (CP). Drug sensitivity testing is done for all drug-resistant cases, but do not wait for the results. In the case of CNS TB, the Bone TB continuation phase might need to be prolonged. Recommended daily doses of 1. Isoniazid (H): 10 mg/kg (max 300 mg/day) 2. Rifampicin (R): 15 mg/kg (max 600 mg/day) 3. Pyrazinamide (Z): 30-35 mg/kg (max 2000 mg/day) 4. Ethambutol (E): 20 mg/kg (max 1500 mg/day)

Table 8

Latest National Immunization Schedule

At birth	OPV-0, BCG, Hep-B – birth dose
6 weeks	Penta -1, OPV-1, Rota-1, f-IPV, PCV-1
10 weeks	Penta-2, OPV-2, Rota-2
14 weeks	Penta-3, OPV-3, Rota -3, f-IPV-2, PCV - 2
9 months	MR-1, PCV booster, JE-1, Vit A-1
16-24 months	MR-2, DPT-booster, OPV-booster, JE-2, Vit A -2
2 years	Typhoid vaccine (not given in all states)
5-6 years	DPT booster
10-16 years	Td, Td

Table 9

Treatment of Asthma in children

A. General measures to identify & eliminate exacerbating factors

B. Education of patients & parents

Pharmacological therapy

House should be kept clean & dust free
Wet mopping of surfaces instead of dry dusting
Periodic cleaning of curtains, stuffed furniture and toys
Adolescent patients & parents to refrain from smoking
Avoid strong odors: Incense sticks, Perfumes
Avoid smoke generation

Classify severity
Assess the risk of exacerbation
Select medication
Select the appropriate device & route
Follow up

Table 10

CNS Infections in Children

Etiology	In India	In world
Neonates	E. coli Acinetobacter Klebsiella	Group B streptococci > E. coli. > Listeria
Infants and Older children	Streptococcus pneumonia N. Meningitidis H. inﬂuenza	Streptococcus pneumonia
Risk factors	Young infants due to immature immunity Late sepsis Recent colonization with pathogenic bacteria Close contact with individuals having invasive bacterial infection. Others- CSF rhinorrhea
Clinical Features	Non-speciﬁc features Fever, anorexia, poor feeding, lethargy, irritability with shrill cry, petechiae,purpura Older children: headache, photophobia, myalgia & arthralgia Signs of meningeal irritation seen beyond 12-18 months of age Neck rigidity Meningeal signs Kernig's sign Brudzinski' sign Features of raised ICT Cytotoxic edema Vasogenic edema Interstitial edema

Older children- Headache, blurring of vision, diplopia Younger infants- Bulging fontanelle, Widening of sutures Late signs Hypertension,bradycardia, Decorticate or decerebrate posturing Fundus examination: Papilledema Focal neurological deﬁcits may be seen Seizures Altered sensorium/ encephalopathy
Diagnosis	Lumbar puncture: CSF study Neutrophilic pleocytosis (cell count >1000/mm3 with >75% neutrophils) Increased proteins (100-150 mg/dl) Decreased CSF glucose (<50% of serum glucose) Gram stain & culture sensitivity Latex agglutination for capsulated organisms
Treatment	Prompt initiation of empirical antibiotics IV 3rd gen. cephalosporin (ceftriaxone) ± vancomycin CSF becomes sterile 24-48 hrs after starting appropriate antibiotics Duration: 10-14 days Corticosteroids Inj. Dexamethasone helps in decreasing cytokine-mediated CNS injury Decreases risk of hearing loss in meningitis due to H inﬂuenza meningitis Should be started 1-2 hr before antibiotics & used for 48 hrs
Complications	Subdural empyema SIADH Ventriculitis DIC
Prognosis	Highest mortality in meningitis is due to pneumococcus Important neurologic sequelae following acute bacterial meningitis due to H inﬂuenzae in children: Sensorineural hearing loss

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