20 High Yield Pharmacology Flashcards NEET PG 2026

Flashcard 1 

Bioavailability

• Fraction of drug that reaches systemic circulation in unchanged form with time and is not degraded by liver
• BA of IV drugs: 100%
  • Drug directly administered into the systemic circulation
  • No cellular barriers or absorption involved
• Rest of all other routes: BA < 100%
• BA calculation
  • Then bioavailability is calculated from the AUC of oral drug and
• AUC of the IV drug.
  • Bioavailability (F) = AUC /AUC po iv
• BA has no units
  • It's a fraction
  • Symbol: F

Flashcard 2 

Volume of distribution

• Extra vascular movement of the drug (into organs)
• It's false or apparent volume of plasma
  • Not true volume of plasma
• Definition: Volume of plasma (liters) required to contain a drug in equal concentration as that of plasma
  • More amount of drug enters the organ - more Vd

Flashcard 3 

Flashcard 4 

Pharmacogenetic Testing is needed for:

Flashcard 5

Drugs avoided in G-6-PD deficiency

• Lead to hemolysis of RBC
• Mnemonic: MAD FANS
  • Metronidazole
  • Aspirin
  • Dapsone
  • Fluoroquinolone
  • Antimalarials
    • Primaquine
    • Proguanil
    • Quinine
  • Nitro
    • Nitroprusside
    • Nitrates
  • Sulfa: Sulfonamides

Flashcard 6

Botulinum Toxin

Uses

• Muscle spasm/ rigidity (Mnemonic: BATS)
  • Blepharospasm
  • Achalasia cardia
  • Torticollis
  • Squint
• Hyperhidrosis
• Cosmetic use: To reduce wrinkles
  • Botox injection
  • Most commonly used: Type-A toxin

Flashcard 7

Effect of Cholinergic Drugs 

• Increases all secretions
• Mnemonic: DUMBBELLS
  • Diarrhoea: M3
  • Urination: M3
  • Miosis: M3
  • Bronchospasm: M3
  • Bradycardia: M2
  • Excess HCL: M1
  • Lacrimation: M3
  • Salivation: M3
  • Sweating: M3

Flashcard 8

Drugs for Alzheimer's Disease 

• Anti cholinesterase: Increases Ach
  • Tacrine: Banned due to hepatotoxicity
  • Donepezil: Longest acting / most effective / DOC
  • Galantamine
  • Rivastigmine
    • Transdermal patches
• Memantine
  • NMDA antagonist
  • Improves memory
• Monoclonal Antibodies (Blocks Beta (b) 1 amyloid protein)
  • Aducanumab
  • Lecanemab

Flashcard 9

Drugs Avoided in Myasthenia Gravis

Flashcard 10

Directly acting Adrenergic Drugs.

• Stimulates alpha (a) and beta (b) receptors
  • Dopamine
  • Noradrenaline
  • Adrenaline
    • Given in Shock
    • Through IV: Not orally (Degraded by MAO enzymes in GIT)

Flashcard 11

Drugs in Sedative and Hypnotics

• Benzodiazepines: Sedatives
  • Flat DRC
• Barbiturates: Hypnotics
  • Steep dose response
• Atypical benzodiazepines (Z drugs)
• Melatonin
• Alcohols

Flashcard 12

Anti anxiety drugs

• Recommended for the Acute attack of anxiety
• Maintenance of anxiety: SSRIs
• Mnemonic: DCOLA
  • Diazepam
  • Clonazepam
  • Oxazepam
  • Lorazepam
  • Alprazolam

Flashcard 13

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

• Other Name: Lou Gehrig's disease
• DOC: Mnemonic: RET
  • Riluzole
  • Edaravone
  • Tofersen
• DOC for Retts syndrome: Trofenatide (Image 1)
• DOC for progeria: Lonafarnib (Image 2)
• DOC for friedreich ataxia: Omaveloxolone (Image 3)

Flashcard 14

Clozapine

• Most effective drug
  • DOC: Resistant cases of psychosis
• Anti-suicidal drug
  • Clozapine
  • Lithium
• Chemically: Di-benzodiazepine

Lithium

Uses

• Mnemonic: BHAR
  • Bipolar disorder
  • Hypnic headache
  • Anti-suicidal drug
  • Resistant depression

Flashcard 15

DOC for glaucoma (POAG, ACG)

• Latanoprost
• Bimatoprost
• Travoprost
• Tafluprost

Flashcard 16

Drug causing GOUT 

• Pyrazinamide
• Aspirin (low dose)
• Immunosuppressant (cyclosporine, tacrolimus)
• Niacin
• Ethambutol
• Diuretics: Thiazide/loop

Drug beneficial in gout

• Fenofibrate
• Aspirin (high dose)]
• Losartan
• Statins

Flashcard 17

Edemas: Diuretic of Choice

Heart failure 

• Pulmonary edema
• Pedal edema
• DOC: loop diuretic
• Mannitol is contraindicated

Renal failure 

• Periorbital edema (due to a decrease in albumin level)
• DOC: loop diuretic
• Mannitol is contraindicated

Liver failure 

• Ascites
• DOC: Spironolactone
• Acetazolamide is contraindicated
  • As it increases ammonia levels

Cerebral edema 

• Cerebral edema
  • Due to increased intracerebral pressure
  • DOC: Mannitol

Flashcard 18

RAAS inhibitors: Pril, Sartan

• S/E: hyperkalemia
• Avoid with K sparing diuretics - as they produce hyperkalemia
  • Spironolactone
  • Eplerenone
  • Amiloride
  • Triamterene
• Contraindicated
  • In pregnancy (category X drugs) - cause renal agenesis
  • In bilateral afferent renal arterial stenosis
    • Increase in risk of acute renal failure
• Before giving RAAS inhibitors
  • Urine pregnancy test and renal Doppler test are done
• Sartans cause SPRUE (diarrhea)
  • By blocking angiotensin receptors in GIT

Flashcard 19

Natriuretic Peptides

• Nesiritide
  • Injection
• Natriuretic peptides are good for CHF
• They are degraded by Neprilysin enzyme
  • AKA: Neutral Endo Peptidase (NEP) enzyme
• Endogenous Natriuretic peptides are increased by inhibiting Neprilysin
  • Neprilysin/NEP inhibitor
    • Sacubitril

- Approved drug

• Neprilysin inhibitor + ACE inhibitor
  • Dual drug
  • Omapatrilat

- Under trial

Flashcard 20

• Diabetic Gastroparesis: Erythromycin
  • Stimulates motilin receptors in the stomach
• Diabetic diarrhea: Clonidine
  • Stimulates alpha (a) 2a in intestine
• Diabetic Retinopathy: Anti VEGF (Bevacizumab, Ranibizumab, Aflibercept,Pegaptanib)
  • Neovascularization inhibitor
  • Intravitreal injection
• Diabetic Neuropathy: Pregabalin
• Anti Obesity Drugs
  • Liraglutide
  • Semaglutide, Tirzepatide
• Anti-diabetic drugs causing fractures
  • Canagliflozin
  • Dapagliflozin
  • Pioglitazone
• Hypoglycemia is caused
  • Insulin
  • Sulfonylureas
  • Meglitinides
• Megaloblastic anaemia and lactic acidosis is caused due to
  • Metformin

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