15 High Yield Flashcards for Forensic Medicine

Flashcard 1

• The 1st autopsy was conducted in 1302, by Varignana in Italy.
• The 1st medico-legal autopsy in India was conducted by Buckley on the body of Mr. Wheeler in Chennai.
• In Court of Law or Legal Procedures we have 2 types, Police & Magistrate inquest.

Flashcard 2

Types of Incisions

A. I-shaped Incision: It starts from the chin to the pubic symphysis.

B. Y-shaped Incision: It starts from the acromion process preserving the mamillary line

reaches the breast, then to the xiphi-sternum and pubic symphysis.

C. Modified Y-Shaped Incision: It starts from MP (mastoid process) to SSN (suprasternal notch) then to pubic symphysis.

D. X-incision: It is for deep injuries/ custodial deaths.

Flashcard 3

Phobia types

• Agoraphobia - Public/ Crowd
• Claustrophobia - Closed spaces
• Acrophobia - Height
• Nyctophobia - Darkness (night)
• Mysophobia - Germs/ Dirt
• Hydrophobia - Water
• Glossophobia - Public speaking
• Trypanophobia - Injection/ Needles
• Arachnophobia - Spiders
• Nomophobia - Without mobiles
• Thanatophobia - Death
• Phobophobia - Fear from the phobia

Impulse Types

• Kleptomania - Desire to steal things of less value.
• Oniomania - Impulse to buy things.
• Dipsomania - Drinking alcohol at a periodic interval
• Pyromania - Desire to set fire to things.
• Mutilomania - Desire to mutilate animals.
• Trichotillomania - Plucking out your hair.

Flashcard 4

Important BNS

• 2 BNSS: Various definitions (including definitions of various types of offences, like bailable, cognizable, warrant case, summon case etc.) offences
• 33 BNSS: Crime information to police
• 51 BNSS: Med. Exam of arrested person of any offence (forceful examination allowed)
• 52 BNSS: Med. Exam of arrested person accused of rape (forceful examination allowed)
• 63-71 BNSS: Summons
• 184 BNSS: Medical examination of victim of rape
• 194 BNSS: Police Inquest
• 196 BNSS: Magistrate Inquest

Aggravated Penetrative Sexual Assault

Assault done by: (Mnemonic: TRAITOR)

• Two or more people.
• Relatives.
• Age < 12 years.
• Armed forces.
• Insane/Institute
• Trusted individual of authority.
• Officer.
• Repeat offence.

Flashcard 5

RBD Act 10(3) 

• Registration of birth and death act.
• Registered medical practitioner gives MCCD.
• Obligatory for registered medical practitioners who attended the last illness.
• No fee.
• Taken instantly.
• COD is certified by a registered medical practitioner.

Flashcard 6

Commutation of the Death Sentence

If a pregnant woman is death-sentenced, then the high court may change it to life imprisonment or postpone the death sentence.

Punishment given by the lower court, that punishment can be increased or decreased by the higher court, is known as commutation.

If a session court is given a death sentence, it should be confirmed by the high court.

↓

High court may conform or change it (1st commutation power)

↓

If the high court confirms the death sentence, then purely an appellate court like the supreme court

Now, this supreme court either confirms the death sentence or changes it (2nd power)

↓

Now it goes to the president, the president has the power to forgive a death sentence.

↓

This power is known as the power of amnesty.

Flashcard 7

Artificial Bruise

• Criminals may produce bruises artificially.
• Products used to harm.
  • Plumbago
  • Semecarpus Anacardium (Marking nut)
  • Madar/ Calotropis
• Site: Accessible parts
• Margin: Regular or well-defined.
• Shape: May be irregular
• Content: Acrid serum, redness, inflammation
• Blister with itching
• Chemical test positive for a chemical present in the object used.

Flashcard 8

Hara-kiri

• It is a stab injury
• Also known as Seppuku, Common in Japan
• Sword or long-handled knife is used to commit suicide.
• The sword is hit in the abdomen.
• Intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) becomes very low.
• Evisceration (viscera comes out)
• Leads to cardiac collapse.
• Syncope/ hypotension is seen.

Flashcard 9

How to examine a rape victim?

• Examine the clothes and collect the evidence.
• Collect the foreign hairs, seminal stains, and other stains if present.
• Search for physical injuries
• Toluidine-blue contrast is applied to detect fresh micro injuries over an anogenital area.
• 4 swabs
  • ® Smear
  • ® Sperm
  • ® DNA profiling
  • ® Chemical test
• Examine the lithotomy position in good light.
• Glaister-keene rods or hymenoscopes are used for the examination of hymen. Tearing usually occurs posteriorly at the sides, between 5 and 7 O'clock position. Speculum is used for the examination of the vagina.
• A Colposcope is used for the examination of the cervix.
• Treat STDs, injury, or pregnancy
• Provide psychological support.
• If refused, get a documented Informed refusal form.

Flashcard 10 

Hair Analysis

Human Vs Animal Hair

Other Important Information

• Alec Jeffreys: Father of DNA analysis or DNA fingerprinting.

Locard principle: Exchange principle

• Useful in crime scene examination.
• Poroscopy
• Blood test: The acid elution test is the best test for blood grouping

Flashcard 11 

Depressed Fracture

• Caused by a heavy weapon or object with a small striking surface, E.g. Hammer.
• The pattern of fracture tells about the weapon.
• Also known as a signature fracture or signature ala fracture.
• The outer as well as the inner table is destroyed.

Flashcard 12

• Berlin's edema is seen in concussion injury.
• Commotio cerebri - Shearing stress in the brain leading to numerous small, punctate hemorrhages throughout the brain.
• Diffuse axonal injury - Axonal bulb/retraction bulb (visible after 12 hours) - transacted axon
• Duret hemorrhage - Hemorrhage of the midbrain and pons.
• Kernohan's notch - Result of raised intracranial pressure.

Flashcard 13

Gettler's Test 

• The chloride ion test for heart chambers involves comparing concentrations between the left and right sides.
• A difference of over 25% suggests AM drowning.
• In freshwater drowning, the right side concentration is higher, while in seawater drowning, the left side concentration is higher.
• Not useful in Putrefaction, Patent Foramen Ovale or Dry Drowning.
• High serum strontium and magnesium in the left ventricle indicate Seawater Drowning.

Flashcard 14

The Sequence in Firing

Flashcard 15

Most Common Organ Injured in blast

• Air blast: Tympanic membrane > Lungs
• Underwater blast
  • Nothing mentioned: GIT
  • Head below water: Tympanic membrane
  • Head above water: GIT

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