20 High-Yield Medicine Flashcards NEET PG 2025

Flashcard 1 

Atrial fibrillation

Due to structural damage to left atria

Commonest sustained arrythmia, overall in clinical practice - Atrial fibrillation

Most common rhythm disorder seen in MVP - Premature ventricular contractions.

Examination Findings

1. Mid systolic clicks (due to undue stretching of chordae tendinae)
2. Late systolic murmur (due to defective coaptation of the valve leaflets)

Flashcard 2

Causes of Chronic Mitral Regurgitation (MR)

Flashcard 3

Stages of Aortic Stenosis

Stage A

• Risk factors for valvular malfunction present
• No narrowing of valve

Stage B

• Progressive narrowing of valve (mild to moderate aortic stenosis)

Stage C

• Severe aortic stenosis but the patient is asymptomatic

Stage D

• Severe aortic stenosis & patient is symptomatic

Flashcard 4

Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy

• Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTCM) is also called 'broken heart' syndrome.
• Occurs due to catecholamine surge as a result of
  • Intense emotional trauma
  • Occurs in patients who had life-threatening stress. e.g. earthquake, death of loved ones
• Catecholamine-induced damage (LV/apical ballooning causing ↓ CO) to the myocardium causes cardiogenic shock.
• Acute presentation and recovery is possible

Flashcard 5

Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia

• The conduction from one side of the SA node to the AV node is normal, whereas, on the other side of the AV node, there is a retrograde conduction through the AVN called the reentry phenomenon
• The reentry phenomenon contributes to a 360° loop around the AV node called circus movement
• The circus movement competes with the normal current flow, finally taking over the activation of the ventricles leading to activation of ventricles causing narrow QRS tachycardia. Also called AV nodal re-entrant tachycardia (AVNRT).

Flashcard 6

NSTEMI/Unstable angina (Harrison 21st edition update)

• NSTE-Acute coronary syndrome
• STEMI: Fibrin rich clot
• NSTEMI: Platelet-rich thrombus(thrombolysis is contraindicated, lead to brain hemorrhage)

50% blockage in coronary artery (fixed obstruction)

(70% is required to cause symptoms of chest pain on exercise)

↓

Atherosclerotic plaque develops a fissure

↓

Exposure of collagen

↓

Platelet aggregation

↓

Thrombus formation

↓

Thrombus increases in size and disintegrates because of the anticlotting system.

↓

(protein C, protein S, antithrombin III)

↓

Emboli may be distributed in branches of the epicardial coronary artery

Flashcard 7

How to treat HTN?

• Allow 2 weeks to reach the full effect of each drug. Beta-blockers can be used at any stage if specifically indicated - E.g. heart failure or angina.
• Lifestyle modification: D.A.S.H (dietary approaches to stop hypertension): ↓ intake of sodium and ↑ potassium intake. Physical activity
• If the patient is hypertensive despite the lifestyle modifications, then switch to drugs

Flashcard 8

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome/ Shock lung

• Updated definition of Sepsis (Sepsis 3 Guidelines)
• At Least > = 2-point increase in SOFA (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment) score + suspected (or) documented infection
• Organ involvement in SOFA score
  • Brain - GCS will fall
  • Heart - Mean arterial pressure (MAP) <65 mmHg
  • Lung - PaO /FiO 2 2
  • Liver - Rise in bilirubin levels
  • Kidney - Raised creatinine, Less urine output
  • Hematology - Platelet count falls
• Each organ involvement is related on a score of 0-4
  • Max score : 24
  • Baseline score : 2
• Helps in early identification of sepsis

Older definition of Sepsis (SIRS)

• Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
• Components
  • Fever >38°C or Hypothermia <36°C
  • Heart rate >90/min
  • Respiratory rate: 20/min
  • Total leukocyte count: >12000/cumm or leukopenia
• 2/4 should be present + documented infection (or) suspected infection

ARDS vs. Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema

• Echocardiogram to be performed to rule out cardiogenic pulmonary edema
• Chest X-ray - B/L infiltrates
• HRCT chest - Edema mostly in the dependent parts of the lung
  • Dependent pulmonary edema
  • Proning has been shown to improve survival in ARDS (compliance of lung increased)
  • Low volume ventilation reduces chances of Baro-trauma on ventilator

Flashcard 9

Pediatric Cardiac Arrest Algorithm

Flashcard 10

Pathological Features of Crohn's Disease

• Earliest feature: Aphthous ulcers.
• MC site: Ileum
• The entire gut is involved and hepatobiliary involvement can be seen
• Sparing: Rectum
• Perianal disease or sepsis:
  • Perirectal fistula (hallmark feature of Crohn's )
  • Fissure results in worsening of constipation,
  • Anal abscess (may require drainage),
  • Anal stenosis (upon distal rectal analysis, anus tender to touch can also be observed in the colon).
• Cobblestone mucosa - Submucosal fibrosis.
  • Demonstrated radiologically and endoscopically.
• Pseudopolyps may be encountered.
• Non-caseating granulomas seen in Crohn's disease (Therefore it is an example of Granulomatous colitis).
• Thickened bowel wall - Stricture formation is seen and explains abdominal pain.
• Serosal involvement is also seen.

Flashcard 11

Triad of Diagnosis of Multiple Myeloma 

• Bone marrow biopsy shows plasmacytosis:
  • Absolute plasma cell in BM: >10%.
  • Plasma cell percentage in the bone marrow is >60%.
• Serum Protein Electrophoresis > Urinary Protein Electrophoresis: Shows the presence of M-Spike (Monoclonal Antibodies).
• Features of myeloma-like events: CRAB
  • C - Hypercalcemia
  • R - Renal failure
  • A - Anaemia
  • B - Bleeding

Flashcard 12

Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma

• Nonclassical or atypical variety
• Presence of traditional popcorn cells (Variants of reed sternberg cells)
  • Alternative Name: L and H cells (Lymphocyte and histiocyte)
• CD15, CD30 : -ve
• CD19 and CD20 are better expressed.
• CD45 and CD79A are also +ve
• Progression of the tumor is slow (indolent presentation)
• It may transform into diffuse large B cell lymphoma.
• Popcorn-like manifestation seen in chest x-ray: Pulmonary hamartoma
• Popcorn-like calcification in mammography: Fibroadenoma

Flashcard 13

Hereditary Spherocytosis Pathology

• Autosomal dominant > Autosomal recessive
• Defective protein - Ankyrin
• Defective gene - Ank1 gene
• Defective chromosome: 8
• RBCs
  • Smaller than normal with absent central pallor
  • Rigid RBC that get trapped in splenic sinusoids and get destroyed

Flashcard 14

Cluster Headache Vs. SUNCT

Flashcard 15

Sturge Weber Syndrome

· It is a Neurocutaneous disorder where a Port Wine stain is seen.

· There is a Cavernous angioma in the brain on the same side as a port wine stain on the face.

• The Cutaneous manifestation is a port Wine stain
• The Neurological manifestation is - cavernous angioma
• Features: STURGE
• S - Seizure - Recurrent episode of focal seizure
• T - Trigeminal nerve distribution - Port Wine stain on Trigeminal nerve distribution
• U - Unilateral weakness - cavernous angioma may press on corticospinal tract
• R - Mental retardation
• G - Glaucoma
• E - Eye feature- buphthalmos
• CT Head: Visible calcification in the brain can be seen and is called Tram Track Appearance.

Flashcard 16

• SIADH causes Euvolemic hyponatremia, which may lead to seizures.
• SIADH causes CNS infections like encephalitis or brain abscess.
• Bacterial Meningitis has a duration of a few days.
• Fever for 1 day may also be seen in cerebral malaria.
• Altered sensorium may not be present in meningitis cases.
• Altered sensorium for 1 day is seen in Cerebral Malaria or Viral encephalitis.
• Triad of meningitis includes fever, headache, and nuchal rigidity.
• HRP-2 Dipstick test and peripheral smear test for Malaria.
• Patients from rural areas are empirically given with Artesunate.

Flashcard 17

Brown sequard syndrome

Other Name: Hemisection of spinal cord

Ipsilateral

1. Proprioception loss
2. Spastic weakness due to Corticospinal tract involvement
3. Development of radicular pain at the level of lesion
4. At level of lesion Muscles: Fasciculation, areflexia

Contralateral: Pain and temperature loss: 2 segments below

Flashcard 18

Antiphospholipid Syndrome 

• Autoantibody mediated thrombophilia
• Deep vein thrombosis occurs in most cases leading to Pulmonary embolism.
• Primary or Secondary (associated with connective tissue disorder or SLE)
• Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS): Involvement of ≥3 organs

Flashcard 19

Treatment Rheumatoid Arthritis

• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Adjunctive therapy
• Avoid steroids as possible
• Methotrexate - first choice
  • Cause adenosine release, leading to anti-inflammatory action

Flashcard 20

Questions with the Following Keywords:

• Alcoholic patient with Pneumonia: Pneumococcus pneumonia.
• Alcoholic with Red currant jelly sputum: Klebsiella pneumonia / FRIEDLANDER pneumonia.
• Alcoholic and drug overdose manifest with decreased airway defense, so the patient ends up with an Anaerobic lung abscess.
• COPD & smokers end up with → Hemophilus influenzae.
• Structural lung disease, Eg. Cystic fibrosis where mucus plugs thickened present = Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Burkholderia cepacia
• Contact with Birds: Chlamydia psittaci
• Contact with Bats: Histoplasmosis
• Contact with Rabbits: Francisella tularensis (TULAREMIA)
• Contact with Goat/ sheep: Coxiella burnetii can cause Q fever.
• Hotel/ cruise: Legionella pneumophila

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