Rapid Revision Reignite PSM: Question-Answer Format

Systematic Review and Meta Analysis

Big Question 1: What are systematic reviews and meta-analysis used for in research?

Broad answer:

• Systematic Review
  • A type of literature review that collects and critically analyzes multiple research studies
  • Does not include quantitative synthesis of data from all studies available
• Meta-analysis
  • One step ahead and perform quantitative analysis: Meta-Analysis
  • It is a quantitative approach for systematically combining previous research to arrive at conclusions about the body of research.

Detailed Questions

Q1.1: What are the basic steps involved in conducting a systematic review?

Answer:

Q1.2: What are the basic steps involved in conducting a meta-analysis?

Answer:

Q1.3: What is a funnel plot?

Answer:

• A Funnel Plot is drawn for both the systematic review and the Meta-Analysis
• Checks for publication bias
• Also checks for the qualities of the studies

Q1.4: How can the file drawer effect be identified using a funnel plot in meta-analysis?

Answer:

Dots uniformly scattered: No publication bias

Dots are not uniformly scattered: Publication bias present.

Q1.5: What type of study uses a forest plot, and what is another name for it?

Answer:

• Forest Plot is only made for a Meta-Analysis
• Forest Plot is also known as a Blobbogram

Q1.6: What are the reporting guidelines used for different types of medical research studies?

Answer:

Also Read : PSM Important High-Yield Topics For NEET PG

Descriptive Epidemiology/Infectious Disease Epidemiology

Big Question 2: Explain the concepts of host types and modes of transmission of infectious diseases with examples.

Broad Answer: The host is the organism that harbors the infectious agent. A primary (definitive) host supports the sexual cycle of the pathogen (e.g., Anopheles mosquito in malaria), while a secondary (intermediate) host supports the asexual cycle (e.g., humans in malaria). Dead-end hosts (e.g., humans in rabies) cannot transmit infection further, and obligate hosts (e.g., humans in typhoid, measles) are the only natural hosts. Transmission can be direct (person-to-toperson via contact, droplets, vertical transfer) or indirect (via vehicles like food/water, fomites, or vectors—mechanical or biological). Understanding these concepts is essential for breaking the chain of infection and planning control measures.

Detailed Questions

Q2.1: Define the source of infection.

Answer: Any person, animal, object, or substance from which an infectious agent passes or is disseminated to the host: Source of infection

Q2.2: Define reservoir.

Answer: Any person, animal, arthropod, plant, soil, or substance in which an infectious agent lives and multiplies, on which it primarily depends for survival, and where it reproduces itself in such a manner that it can be transmitted to a susceptible host: Reservoir

Q2.3: In which disease are the host and reservoir the same?

Answer: Tetanus.

Q2.4: Give one example where the reservoir and source are different.

Answer: Hookworm infestation.

Q2.5: Give a few examples of diseases with their reservoirs and sources of infection.

Answer:

Q2.6: Give examples of diseases with their primary and secondary hosts.

Answers:

Q2.7: What are the differences between Droplet Infection and Droplet Nuclei?

Answer:

Trace Elements/Nutrition Health Programs/Food Adulteration/Food Logos

Big Question 3: Explain Anemia Mukt Bharat program and its components.

Broad Answer: Anemia Mukt Bharat comprises prophylactic Iron & Folic Acid Supplementation and Deworming. For mild to moderate anemia, it follows a 6x6x6 strategy under the Intensified National Iron Plus initiative, providing iron and folic acid supplements to six beneficiary groups at specific schedules. Severe anemia in pregnant women is managed based on gestational age and Hb levels, involving hospitalization, IV iron sucrose, IV ferric carboxy maltose, and/or blood transfusion.

Detailed Questions

Q3.1: What are the 6 interventions under Anemia Mukt Bharat program?

Answer:

Q3.2: What is the deworming schedule for pregnant women, children <2 years, and children >2 years under the program?

Answer:

• In pregnant women: Full tab of Albendazole (400 mg HS) is given in the 2nd trimester.
• In children <2 years: Half a tab of Albendazole (200 mg HS) is given.
• In children >2 years: Full tab of Albendazole (400 mg HS) is given.

Q3.3: For the management of mild to moderate anemia under Anemia Mukt Bharat, what is the strategy called, and which Ministry is responsible? What level of prevention does it represent?

Answer:

• It follows a 666 strategy.
• Ministry: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW).
• Level of prevention: Primary prevention (Specific protection).

Q3.4: List the six beneficiary populations under the 6x6x6 strategy for prophylactic Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation, specifying the elemental iron and folic acid dosage and schedule for each.

Answer:

Classification/Cohort Study

Big Question 4: How are epidemiological study designs classified?

Broad answer:

Detailed Questions

Q4.1: What are descriptive study designs, and what do they focus on in epidemiology?

Answer: A descriptive study design describes a disease in terms of time, place, and person, i.e. studies the distribution of a disease. Example -

• Case report- A case report is an individual case study
• Case series- An aggregation of case reports

In descriptive, the buzzword is distribution. No comparison group.

Q4.2: What is the main focus of analytical study designs, and what are some examples?

Answer: Analytical study design studies the reason why and how disease occurs, i.e studies determinants of a disease. E.g.

• Cohort study
• Case-control study
• Cross-sectional study
• Ecological study

In analytical, the buzzword is determinant. Comparison group is always present.

Q4.3: Name the types of interventional or experimental study designs with examples.

Answer:

• Randomized Control Trial (RCT) - Drug trials
• Field trials - Vaccine trials
• Community trials - Preventive trials

Q4.4: What is a hypothesis, and what are the steps involved in hypothesis testing in epidemiology?

Answer: An assumption yet to be verified. Three steps:

• Formulation of hypothesis: Descriptive epidemiology
• Test hypothesis: Analytical epidemiology
• Confirm hypothesis: Experimental and interventional epidemiology

Q4.5: What are the different types of observational study designs? Explain them along with their synonyms and units of study?

Answer:

Q4.6: What are the different types of experimental study designs, explain along with their synonyms and units of study?

Answer:

Q4.7: What is the unit of study for different types of study designs?

Answer:

Concept of Health And Disease

Big Question 5: What is the concept of well-being, and how is it measured using indices like PQLI and HDI?

Broad Answer: Well-being is a multidimensional concept comprising both objective and subjective components. The objective component includes the standard of living, which depends on the Gross National Product (GNP) or Gross National Income (GNI). The subjective component refers to quality of life, i.e., a person's perception, and is assessed using indices like PQLI (Physical Quality of Life Index) and HDI (Human Development Index).

Detailed Questions

Q5.1: What is the difference between the objective and subjective components of well-being?

Answer:

Q5.2: What is the difference between PQLI and HDI?

Answer:

Q5.3: How is the HDI calculated?

Answer:

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