Important Topics for Pediatric Nephrology 2025

Approach To Proteinuria

• Glomerular Filtration Barrier (GFB)
• Proteinuria
• Pathophysiology of Proteinuria
• Measurement of Urine Protein
• 24-hour Urinary Protein Estimation
• Spot Urine Protein: Creatinine Ratio
• Dipstick Test
• Microalbuminuria
• Sulfosalicylic Acid Precipitation Test
• Causes of Proteinuria
• Investigations Needed in fixed Proteinuria
• Indications of Renal Biopsy in Persistent Proteinuria

Also read: Important Topics in Pediatric Infections

Nephrotic Syndrome

• Nephrotic Range Protienuria
• Work-up on Nephrotic Syndrome
• Treatment of Steroid-Sensitive Nephrotic Sample
• Management of FRNS, SDNS, and difficult-to-treat Nephrotic Syndrome
• Rituximab use in NS
• Monitoring in SRNS
• Supportive therapy in NS

Congenital Renal Anomalies

• Embryology and development of the kidneys
• Renal Agenesis
• Potter Syndrome
• Renal Dysgenesis
• Renal Cystic Diseases
• Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney (MCDK)
• Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD)
• Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD)
• Other Congenital Renal Diseases

Also read: High-Yield One Liners in Pediatric Pulmonology

Approach To Hematuria In Children

• Hematuria
• Causes of false positive and false negative results for Hematuria on urine dipstick tests
• An Approach to a child with suspected Hematuria
• Work-up needed in Glomerular Hematuria
• Work-up needed in Non-Glomerular Hematuria

Acute Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis

• Nephritogenic strains
• Etiopathogenesis
• Clinical Features
• Features in acute Nephrotic Syndrome
• Investigations and Diagnosis
• Imaging in APSGN
• Indications of renal biopsy in acute GN
• Renal biopsy findings in APSGN
• Prognosis in APSGN

Diseases Associated With Gross Recurrent Hematuria

• Approach to gross hematuria after URI
• IgA Nephropathy
• Etiopa
• Pathogenesis of IgA Nephropathy
• Poor Prognostic Markers

Also read: Frequently asked questions in Pediatric Cardiology

Acute Kidney Injury

• AKI-Definition-KDIGO
• Staging of AKI
• Etiology and Pathogenesis of AKI
• Sites of Injury in ATN
• Causes of AKI with Palpable Flank Masses
• Indications of Renal Biopsy in AKI
• Management of AKI 
• Types of Dialysis in AKI
• AKI-Acute tubular injury due to nephrotoxins

Chronic Kidney Disease – Mineral Bone Disorder

• Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 (FGF-23)
• Pathogenesis of CKD-MB
• Types of bone disease in CKD-MBD
• Vascular calcification in CKD-MBD
• Treatment of CKD-MBD

CKD in Children

• Stages of CKD
• Etiology of CKD in children
• Pathogenesis of CKD in children involves two processes
• Clinical manifestation and underlying processes
• Laboratory investigations in CKD
• Management of CKD
• Fluid and electrolyte management
• Disease progression in pediatric CKD
• Predictors of disease progression

Also read: Important MCQ's in Nephrology for NEET SS Pediatrics

UTI in Children

• Epidemiology
• Gender Predilection
• Microbiology of UTI
• Risk Factors for Recurrent UTIs
• Pathogenesis of UTI
• Steps in E Coli UTI
• Diagnosis of UTI in children
• Other Investigations
• Treatment of UTI

Vesico-Ureteric Reflux

• Types of Vesico-Ureteric Reflux
• Why does VUR develop?
• Basis of Primary VUR
• Consequences of VUR
• Why does VUR sometimes stop with increasing age?
• Investigations
• Grades of VUR
• Alternative Investigations
• Management of UVR
• Endoscopic Management of VUR
• Natural History and Resolution of VUR

Bladder Anomalies In Children

• Exstrophy Disorders
• Bladder Exstrophy
• Features of bladder exstrophy
• Management of bladder exstrophy
• Cloacal Exstrophy
• Bladder Diverticula
• Urachal Anomalies
• Prune Belly Syndrome

Also read: Bladder Anomalies in Children

Obstructive Uropathies

• Common Causes of Pediatric Urinary Tract Obstruction
• Obstructive Uropathies are Key Individual Disorders
• UPJ Obstruction
• Ectopic Ureter
• Ureterocele
• Posterior Urethral Valves (PUV)

Renal Tubular Acidosis

• Proximal RTA / Type-2 RTA
• Mechanism of Defect
• Causes of Proximal RTA
• Clinical Features of Proximal RTA
• Investigational findings and work-uP
• Distal RTA
• Mechanism of Disease
• Causes of Distal RTA
• Hyperkalemic RTA
• Causes of Hyperkalemic RTA
• Clinical Features of Type 4 RTA
• Investigational Findings
• Clinical Approach to RTA
• Management of RTA
• Comparison between proximal RTA, distal RTA, and generalized distal renal dysfunction with Hyperkalemia

Inherited Tubular Transport Disorders In Children

• Bartter Syndrome
• Clinical Spectrum of Bartter Syndrome
• Pathophysiology of Bartter syndrome
• Types of Bartter Syndrome
• Treatment of Bartter Syndrome
• Gitelman Syndrome
• Magnesium Wasting Diseases
• East Syndrome

Hope you found this blog helpful for your E-learning for NEET SS Pediatrics. For more informative and interesting posts like these, keep reading PrepLadder’s blogs. 

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