Doctor-Patient Relations, Health Economics, and Social Security

Health Economics

• Providing, delivering, and financing the health care of a country. 

Gross National Income (GNI) Or Gross National Product (GNP)

• Gross income generated from within the country + net income received from abroad. 
• Indicator of objective component of concept of wellbeing. 
• Independent of the subject's perception. 

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

• Gross income generated from within the country

Net National Product (NNP)

• Net National Product (NNP) = Gross National Product (GNP) - Capital consumed

Net Domestic Product (NDP)

• Net Domestic Product (NDP) = Gross Domestic Product (GDP) - Value of depreciation on fixed assets

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

• The number of units of a country's currency required to buy the same amount of goods and services in the domestic market as $1.00 would buy in the USA. 
• Component of HDI (Human Development Index)

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Rights of an Individual

• Right to equality 
• Right to freedom of speech and expression 
• Right against exploitation 
• Right to freedom of practice and propagation of religion 
• Right of minorities to consult their culture 
• Right to property 
• Right to constitutional remedies offer enforcement of fundamental rights

Doctor-Patient Relationship

• How doctors behave with patients

Forms of Doctor-Patient Relationship

• Paternalistic-Doctor is dominant. 
• Consumeristic-Patient is dominant (patients are consumers here) 
• Defaulter: Both the doctor and the patient are not dominant (showing minimal interest) 
• Mutualistic-Combined approach (both come to a proper agreement) and is the best type of doctor-patient relationship.

3 Levels of Communications

• Communication on emotional plane 
• Communication on cultural plane 
• Communication on intellectual plane

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Social Problems Faced 

Prostitution 

• One of the major problems. 
• The Immoral Traffic Prevention Act 1986 covers prostitution. 

Delinquency 

• Criminal or bad behavior among young people. 
• Committed an offense like theft, murder, burglary, or sexual offense. 
• Children Act 1960 covers delinquency. 

Dowry System 

• Covered under Dowry Prohibition Act 1986 
• Gives minimum punishment for taking or abetting to take dowry to 5 years imprisonment and a fine of Rs 15,000. 

Drug Addiction 

• Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act 1985 cover this 

Others 

• Alcohol abuse 
• Unmarried mothers

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Handicapped 

7 main categories 

1. The blind 
2. Hearing disability 
3. The orthopedically handicapped 
4. Multiple disabilities 
5. Mentally retarded 
6. Mental illness 
7. Speech disability 

Social Security 

• A social insurance program providing social protection or protection against socially recognized conditions like
  • Poverty 
  • Old age 
  • Disabilities 
  • Unemployment and others. 
• Examples
  • Old age-Pension 
  • Factory workers—protected by Factories Act and ESI Act

Approaches to Social Security System 

Two approaches 

a) Social assistance 

b) Social insurance 

Social Assistance

• Noncontributory benefit extended to vulnerable groups. 
• Provides relief to individuals at critical times without having received any contributions from them. 
• Ex: Reliefs during calamities. 

Social Insurance

• Contributory benefit extended to individuals as a matter of right. 
• Ex: ESI Act (Employees give contribution of 0.75% of daily wages)

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Social Security Measures for Industrial Workers

• Workmen's Compensation Act 1923 
• The Factories Act 1948 
• Employees' State Insurance Act 1948 
• Central Maternity Benefit Act 1961 
• The Family Pension Scheme 1971

Social Security Measures for Civil Servants

• Pension 
• Gratuity 
• Provident fund
• Family pension schemes 
• Social security for general public 
• Insurance schemes
  • LIC 
  • PPF 

• First Social Security Act—Germany 1881 for industrial workers (PYQ) 
• Bismarck introduced the system of social insurance in Germany in 1883; it became a model for other European countries to introduce similar social security systems. 
• Sweden is the only country where the entire population is under social security schemes 

Social Safety Net 

• A collection of services provided by the state, such as
  • Welfare 
  • Unemployment benefit 
  • Universal Healthcare 
  • Homeless shelters 
  • Minimum wage 
  • Subsidized services like public transport (sometimes) 
• This prevents individuals from falling into poverty beyond a certain level. 
• Ex: Atal Bimit Vyakti Kalyan Yojana—91/- relief under unemployment. 

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Key Points 

• First Social Security Act—Germany 1881 for industrial workers (PYQ) 
• Bismarck introduced the system of social insurance in Germany in 1883; it became a model for other European countries to introduce similar social security systems. 
• Sweden is the only country where the entire population is under social security schemes 
• Workmen's Compensation Act 1923 
• The Factories Act 1948 
• Employees' State Insurance Act 1948 
• Central Maternity Benefit Act 1961 
• The Family Pension Scheme 1971
• Net National Product (NNP) = Gross National Product (GNP) - Capital consumed
• Net Domestic Product (NDP) = Gross Domestic Product (GDP) - Value of depreciation on fixed assets

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