Jun 3, 2025
Asha Workers
Primary Health Center (PHC)
Rural vs. Urban Healthcare
Population Norms
Healthcare Worker Roles
Cold Chain
National Immunization Schedule (NIS)
Delayed Immunization
Pregnancy Vaccination (TD)
Mission Indra Dhanush
IT Initiatives under Mission Indra Dhanush
Vaccine Vial Monitor (VVM)
Vaccine Side Effects & Contraindications
Open Vial Policy
Epidemic Curves
Classification of Study Designs
Bias in Case-Control Studies
Evidence-Based Medicine Hierarchy
Study Design Choice Based on Purpose
Mosquito Identification
Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)
Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR)
Stillbirth Definition
Fertility Indicators
Dependency Ratio
Contraceptives
NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India)
Rabies (Post-Exposure Prophylaxis - PEP)
Measles
Mumps
Diphtheria
STI Kits (Syndromic Management)
Nutritional Deficiencies
9. Occupational Health
Discussed as a "must must question," ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) roles include counseling on birth preparedness, safe delivery, community mobilization for health awareness, and providing DOTS for TB. They cannot administer vaccines or conduct deliveries, though they carry delivery kits. ASHAs are local women residents (25-45 years), selected by the village panchayat, accountable to it, and receive 23 days of training. Their educational criterion is 10th pass, and the population norm is one ASHA per 1,000 population. They play a vital role in formulating village health plans.
An Ayush officer is desirable but not essential. A Type A PHC has a delivery load of less than 20 deliveries per month, while a Type B PHC has more than or equal to 20 deliveries per month. Recommended bed counts are four for Type A and six for Type B PHCs.
Beneficiaries are 0-16 years and pregnant females.
Protects from 12 diseases. JE is given only in endemic states, not pan-India. Currently, Mission Indra Dhanush 5.0 is running. (Distinguished from Abhyan Indra Dhanush for hospital bed sheet changes).
eVIN (Electronic Vaccine Intelligence Network): App for vaccine stock management.
Heat-sensitive chemical indicator. Inner square lighter than outer circle: use. Inner square the same color or darker than outer circle: discard. On body for liquid vaccines, on neck/cap for freeze-dried/reconstituted vaccines.
Opened vaccine vials can be reused for up to 4 weeks (28 days) if expiry date not passed, cold chain maintained, no contamination, and VVM not discarded.
Recall bias, Selection bias, Buronian bias (due to different hospital admission rates). Hawthorn bias (subjects modify behavior when observed) is seen in cohort studies. Bias is a systematic error, eliminated by blinding.
Deaths from 0-28 days per 1,000 live births. (Denominator is live births, so subtract stillbirths from total births).
Gestational age beyond 28 weeks, or weight 1 kg, or length 35 cm.
Replaced Planning Commission on Jan 1, 2015. Known as India's "think tank." Chaired by the Prime Minister. Develops the Health Index.
The most common complication is Aseptic Meningitis (in young adults: orchitis/oophoritis).
Presented with a "bull neck".
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