Loading...
Jul 06, 2023
Diabetes is a condition that arises when there is excessive increase in blood glucose levels also referred to as blood sugar. Glucose is used As the main fuel for the body. Even though the body has the ability to make glucose, food is also a source of glucose.
In order to get glucose into cells so it can be used as an energy source, the pancreas creates the hormone insulin. But in case of diabetes the body either produces no insulin at all or uses it incorrectly so the glucose does not enter the cells and it stays in the bloodstream.
Heart, renal, nerve, eye, and kidney function damage are among the risks that are heightened by diabetes. Diabetes is also associated with some types of cancer. It's possible to lower your risk of developing health problems associated with diabetes by taking methods to avoid this condition.
Read this blog further to get a quick overview of this important topic Diabetes: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment for Medicine to ace your NEET PG exam preparation.
There are present different forms of Diabetes including:
Diabetes mellitus type 1 is a chronic condition which is commonly known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes. In this condition, the pancreas generates very little or no insulin. The hormone insulin is used by the body to let glucose (sugar) into cells where it can be converted to energy.
Numerous things, including certain viruses and genetics, can cause type 1 diabetes. Although type 1 diabetes usually develops in childhood or adolescence, it can also affect adults.
Despite much research, type 1 diabetes still has no known cure. By regulating blood sugar levels with insulin, diet, and lifestyle modifications we try to avoid the complications associated with diabetes.
Following are mentioned some of the causes of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus:
Type 1 diabetes symptoms can appear suddenly and include the following:
Management of DM type 1 can be done with the help of :
The most common route of administration of insulin is Subcutaneous. Sites of insulin injection are:
In this condition, the Blood sugar is less than 54mg%
In this phenomenon, there is Early morning hypoglycemia due to intake of an overdose of insulin at bedtime.
At 4A.M. Person wakes up with sympathetic symptoms like Palpitations, Tremors, Diaphoresis, etc and at At 7A.M. there is present Glucagon in circulation which leads to glycogenolysis and we can find changes in Blood sugar value leading to pre-breakfast hyperglycemia. Thus, the main manifestation of the Somogyi phenomenon is early morning hypoglycemia.
In this phenomenon, there is Early morning hyperglycemia, due to the downregulation of GLUT-4 receptors in muscle in T2DM and there is Pre-breakfast hyperglycemia for diagnosis of this phenomenon we use Insulinoma which is a 72-hour prolonged fasting test.
Type 2 diabetes is a disorder that develops when the body's ability to control and utilize sugar as fuel is compromised. Too much sugar is constantly moving through the blood as a result of this chronic illness. Eventually, problems with the brain, immunological, and cardiovascular systems can result from excessive blood sugar levels.
There are essentially two issues with type 2 diabetes. The hormone that controls the entry of sugar into cells, insulin, is not produced by the pancreas in sufficient amounts. Additionally, cells don't react well to insulin and take up less sugar.
Few of the causes of diabetes mellitus type 2 are mentioned below:
Diabetes type 2 symptoms frequently appear gradually. In actuality, type 2 diabetes can be present for years without symptoms. When present, symptoms could include:
We can manage Diabetes mellitus type 2 by following methods:
These drugs inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis. With the use of these drugs HbA1C is decreased by 1.5 - 2% over a period of 3-6 months (slow-acting). Drugs that fall into this category are Metformin, Phenformin. Metformin comes as 500 mg / 850 mg / 1 gm. The maximum dose given is 2.5 g/day. These drugs are excreted via the kidney. These drugs Causes Lactic Acidosis if given in patients with nephropathy so these drugs are Avoided in kidney damage
These drugs are ATP sensitive and K+ channel is blocked, which causes Burst of Insulin, leading to increased receptor sensitivity. There is a Decrease in HbA1C by 1.5%
Side effects include Hypoglycemia attack (mealtime Regulation)
Drugs that are included in this category are;
These drugs Increase the peripheral utilization of glucose by increasing GLUT4 Receptors on muscle/adipose tissue and reduce serum triglycerides. There is a Decrease in HbA1C by 1%
Drugs which are included in this group are Pioglitazone, and Rosiglitazone. Both drugs have good compliance but worsen cardiovascular mortality in preexisting CAD patients
These are taken with meals. They act by inhibiting sugar absorption from GIT. These drugs help to Control Postprandial spikes. Osmotic diarrhea can be present as a side effect of these drugs . there is a Decreases in HbA1C by 0.25%
Drugs included in this group are Acarbose, Voglibose, miglitol
These drugs have Insulinogenic action. These drugs act by Improving sensitivity of receptors. These drugs are Short-acting drug with a half life of 1-2 hours, So these are used for control of postprandial spike of Sugar
Drugs included in this group are Repaglinide, nateglinide. These drugs Behave like sulfonylureas
These drugs inhibit degradation of GLP-1 Glucose linked insulinotropic Peptide which Sends sugar into muscles. Thus, increases the duration of action of GLP-I. Drugs included in these groups are Linagliptin (metabolized by Liver); Sitagliptin (metabolized by kidney)
These drugs increase GLP-1. Terminal ileum has 'L' cells, which produce a hormone which Behaves like insulin and Increases GLP - 1. Drugs
Exenatide: Injection once a week. Nut it is Expensive and can cause Hemorrhagic Pancreatitis
Liraglutide
These drugs promote urinary loss of sugar resulting in decrease of blood sugar level. These drugs can have higher chances of causing UTI in patients as a Side effect. But these drugs help to Reduce cardiovascular mortality
Drug which are included in this group is Canagliflozin.
SGLT-2 Transporters are present in PCT and help in reabsorption of both salt and sugar.
Pramlintide (best), Acarbose, insulin
Insulin used in:
Autoimmune
Initial signs of type 1.5 diabetes may be nebulous. Among them could be:
Treatment is started initially with Sulfonylureas like Glipizide
Insulin type | Insulin name | Onset |
Rapid | LISPRO, ASPART, GLULISINE | 20 minutes |
Short | Regular SC/IV | 30 minutes |
Intermediate | NPH (neutral protamine haged orn) | 2 hours |
long | Glargine/Detemir | 24 hours |
Ultra-long acting | Degludec | 42 hours |
Peakless insulin is long and ultra-long acting .
Medicine Related Articles:
The symptoms of type 1 diabetes appear quickly and are the main justification for evaluating blood sugar levels. Without any relation with age everyone who has a body mass index over 25 (or 23 for Asian Americans) have an extra risk factor of developing diabetes.
These include having diabetes in a close relative, high blood pressure, abnormal cholesterol levels, an inactive lifestyle, a history of polycystic ovarian syndrome or heart disease.
An initial blood sugar check is indicated for everyone older than 35. They should thereafter get screenings every three years if the results are normal. Every three years, women who have experienced gestational diabetes are urged to get tested for the disease.
A yearly test is indicated for everyone with prediabetes who has received a diagnosis.
Testing is suggested for everybody who has HIV.
It's usual to have blood sugar levels under 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L). After two hours, a result of greater than 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) indicates diabetes. You have prediabetes if your blood sugar level is between 140 and 199 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L and 11.0 mmol/L).
Your healthcare practitioner may do a urine test to check for the presence of ketones if they suspect you may have type 1 diabetes. When muscle and fat are burned for energy, ketone bodies are created as a consequence.
Your doctor will likely perform a test to discover if you have autoantibodies, which are harmful immune system cells linked to type 1 diabetes.
Early on in your pregnancy, your doctor will probably determine if you have a high risk of developing gestational diabetes. At your initial prenatal appointment, your doctor might do a diabetes test if you're at high risk. If your risk is average, you'll likely undergo screening sometime in the second trimester.
Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes that is first discovered during pregnancy. Gestational diabetes changes how your cells use glucose, much like other types of diabetes do. Gestational diabetes can result in high blood sugar levels, which can affect both your health and the health of your unborn child.
Despite the fact that any pregnancy issue is concerning, there is good news. You can manage gestational diabetes by maintaining a healthy diet, getting regular exercise, and, if necessary, taking medication. Blood sugar control can safeguard your health and the health of your unborn child and reduce the probability of a difficult delivery.
When you give birth, your blood sugar levels usually recover to normal if you had gestational diabetes while pregnant. However, your likelihood of getting type.
Gestational diabetes frequently has no obvious signs or symptoms. Possible symptoms include an increase in thirst and more frequent urination.
Researchers still don't understand why some pregnant women get gestational diabetes while others do not. In this condition we can find that there is excessive weight in the patients.
Usually, a number of hormones control blood sugar levels. However, as a result of changing hormone levels during pregnancy, the body has a tougher time effectively processing blood sugar so there is an increase in blood glucose levels.
You'll most likely get a screening test in your second trimester, which is between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy, if you have an average risk of gestational diabetes.
Your doctor may perform a diabetes test early in pregnancy, most likely at your first prenatal appointment, if you have a high risk of developing the disease, such as if you were overweight or obese before becoming pregnant, have a parent who has the disease, a sibling, or a child who does, or if you previously had gestational diabetes.
Depending on the condition the health care provider may advice some screening tests which include:
Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes that is first discovered during pregnancy. Gestational diabetes changes how your cells use glucose, much like other types of diabetes do. Gestational diabetes can result in high blood sugar levels, which can affect both your health and the health of your unborn child.
Despite the fact that any pregnancy issue is concerning, there is good news. You can manage gestational diabetes by maintaining a healthy diet, getting regular exercise, and, if necessary, taking medication. Blood sugar control can safeguard your health and the health of your unborn child and reduce the probability of a difficult delivery.
When you give birth, your blood sugar levels usually recover to normal if you had gestational diabetes while pregnant. However, your likelihood of getting type.
Gestational diabetes frequently has no obvious signs or symptoms. Possible symptoms include an increase in thirst and more frequent urination.
Researchers still don't understand why some pregnant women get gestational diabetes while others do not. In this condition we can find that there is excessive weight in the patients.
Usually, a number of hormones control blood sugar levels. However, as a result of changing hormone levels during pregnancy, the body has a tougher time effectively processing blood sugar so there is an increase in blood glucose levels.
You'll most likely get a screening test in your second trimester, which is between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy, if you have an average risk of gestational diabetes.
Your doctor may perform a diabetes test early in pregnancy, most likely at your first prenatal appointment, if you have a high risk of developing the disease, such as if you were overweight or obese before becoming pregnant, have a parent who has the disease, a sibling, or a child who does, or if you previously had gestational diabetes.
Depending on the condition the health care provider may advice some screening tests which include:
Among the treatments for gestational diabetes are:
The treatment of gestational diabetes typically involves a combination of lifestyle modifications and, in some cases, medication. Here are the main components of gestational diabetes treatment:
Remember, the treatment plan for gestational diabetes is individualized, and it's important to work closely with your healthcare provider to determine the best approach for you. By effectively managing gestational diabetes, you can reduce the risk of complications and ensure the health of both you and your baby.
To scale up your NEET PG preparation with the best-in-class video lectures, QBank, Mock Tests, and more, download the PrepLadder App!
Download PrepLadder's NEET PG preparation app for Android
Download PrepLadder's NEET PG preparation app for iOS
Get access to all the essential resources required to ace your medical exam Preparation. Stay updated with the latest news and developments in the medical exam, improve your Medical Exam preparation, and turn your dreams into a reality!
Loading...
The most popular search terms used by aspirants