Compare & Recall: High-Yield Pathology Tables for NEET PG

Copper:

• Increased copper causes Wilson's disease.
• The special stain that is related to copper is Rhodanine and Rubeanic acid.
• However, Rhodamine is related to mycobacterium TB (fluorescent)
• The copper-associated protein is ceruloplasmin. Orcein stain is related to ceruloplasmin. It is the stain for the HBsAg and Elastin.

Hematin:

Also shows hemozoin (seen in malaria).

Anthracotic

pigment:

Consists of carbon → seen in smokers

Homogentisic

acid:

IBlack colored pigment (deposits seen in alkaptonuria)

Hypertrophic scar

• Formed due to trauma
• Cross-wound margins
• Most common site
• Sternum
• Treatment
• Initial treatment by Intralesional injection of steroid (Triamcinolone)

• Formed due to trauma
• Within the wound margins
• Do not need a treatment

HBV HCV

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatitis B virus cause HCC via the HbX gene.

HHV8

Human Herpesvirus 8 causes

• Kaposi sarcoma - vascular tumour
• Primary effusion lymphoma
• Castleman's disease :
• Lymphadenopathy
• Fever
• Weight loss
• Night sweats Microscopically:

Microscopically

Types of Castleman's disease:

• Hypervascular type - Onion skinning of lymphoid cells (mantle zone) & lollipop follicle (blood vessel)
• Plasma cell type

HTLV

Human T Cell Leukemia lymphoma virus, causes:

• ATLL- Adult T cell Leukemia Lymphoma
• Tropical spastic paraperesis
• Via TAX gene cause cancer
• Clover leaf cells

HPV

Human papillomavirus

• Low Risk HPV
• HPV 6, 11
• They cause Warts- Condyloma accuminatum
• High Risk HPV
• HPV 16, 18
• Squamous Cell Carcinoma - [cervix penile, anal, oesophagus, larynx]

EBV

Ebstein Barr Virus

• Attacks the B cells of the body.
• It enters the B cell through the receptors - CD 21 & CR 2
• EBV surrounds B cell activates CD T cell (forms a cape) - known as ballerina skirt 8 appearance (Downey cell).
• Infections: Infectious mononucleosis/ kissing disease/ glandular fever → enlarged salivary glands, lymph nodes, and hepatosplenomegaly.
• Kissing disease - caused by close contacts
• Diagnosis: Paul Bunnell test, monospot test

Characteristics

MHC I

MHC II

Structure

• It has 4 chains :

o α1

o α 2

o α 3

φ3-2 microglobulin

• It has

o α 1

o α 2

o φ3 1

o φ3 2

Antigen binding cleft

At the junction of α 1 and α 2

At the junction of α 1 and φ3 1

Present on cells

• All nucleated cells in the body
• Platelets

Present in all the antigen- presenting cells

Not present

• RBC
• Sperms

Present to cells

CD 8 cells

CD 4 cells

Diagnosis

Alloantisera testing

Mixed lymphocyte reaction testing

Hyperacute Rejection

Acute Rejection

Chronic Rejection

Within 48 hours

Within a few days to weeks

A few weeks to months

Hypersensitivity reaction type 2

Hypersensitivity reaction type 2 and type 4

Hypersensitivity reaction type 4

• Preformed antibodies
• Blood transfusion or multiparous pregnancy

• Humoral antibodies
• CD 4
• Rejection vasculitis
• Cellular Rejection
• Donor APC - direct pathway

• Indirect Pathway
• Self-APCs create problems

• Blue, floppy kidney
• Blood in urine
• Μ/Ε
• Coagulative necrosis
• Fibrinoid necrosis

• Tubulitis and Endotheliitis

G-GBM duplication

O- Obliteration /sclerosis of blood vessels

T- Tubular atrophy - atrophied I- Interstitial fibrosis

Disorders

Description

Acute mastitis

• Associated with breastfeeding, cracked nipples
• When a child is feeding, bacteria can enter and then travel into the lactiferous duct
• This infection will result in an abscess formation
• Bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus
• As it is related to skin and soft tissue (cellulitis can occur)
• Bacteria: Streptococcus

Duct ectasia

• Ectasia: means dilation
• Duct ectasia: dilation of lactiferous duct
• Discharge of thick creamy paste-like material
• Microscopically: A lot of foamy macrophages

Lymphocytic mastitis

• Associated with autoimmune disorders

Granulomatous mastitis

• TB (m/c caseating granuloma)
• Sarcoidosis (m/c non-caseating granuloma)
• Silicon implant (Foreign body)
• Reaction can be granulomatous mastitis

Zuska disease

• Subareolar abscess
• SMOLD: Squamous metaplasia of the lactiferous duct (metaplasia disorder)
• Lactiferous ducts are made up of cuboidal or columnar epithelium
• But it changes to squamous epithelium due to the smoking
• Hence, smoking results in SMO-LD
• Squamous cells will form the keratin plugs (blocking the duct)
• Duct blockage leads to abscess formation (typical features: Redness, fever)

Fat necrosis

• Breakdown of the stromal fat, d/t trauma on the breastinto fatty acids
• This fatty acid attracts the calcium, causing calcification (chalky white color)
• Hint No.1: Trauma (patient history)
• Hint No.2: Calcification (Chalky white)